NARRATION (Direct and Indirect Speech : প্ৰত্যক্ষ আৰু পৰোক্ষ উক্তি)

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What is Narration ? Narration কি ?

Narration means telling what someone said. (Narration মানে হৈছে কোনোবাই কোৱা কথা কোৱা বা প্ৰকাশ কৰা।)

It is the way we report or repeat another person’s words. (ই হৈছে আন এজন ব্যক্তিৰ কথা পুনৰ কোৱা বা প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ পদ্ধতি।)

There are two types of Narration: Narration দুটা প্ৰকাৰৰ হয় - 1. Direct Speech (প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি)  2. Indirect Speech (পৰোক্ষ উক্তি)

1. Direct Speech (প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি)

In Direct Speech, we write the exact words of the speaker. Direct Speech ত বক্তাৰ ঠিক একে কথাবোৰ লিখা হয়। The speaker’s words are written inside quotation marks (“ ”). বক্তাৰ কথাবোৰ উদ্ধৃতি চিন (“ ”)ৰ ভিতৰত লিখা হয়।

A comma (,) is used before the quoted words. উদ্ধৃতি চিনৰ আগতে comma (,) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।

Ex: Rina said, “I am reading.” (ৰিনাই ক’লে, “মই পঢ়ি আছোঁ।”) (Here we used her exact words.) (ইয়াত আমি তাইৰ ঠিক একে কথাবোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছোঁ।)

2. Indirect Speech (পৰোক্ষ উক্তি)

In Indirect Speech, we do not use the exact words of the speaker. (Indirect Speech ত বক্তাৰ ঠিক একে কথাবোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নহয়।)

We change the tense, pronouns, and time words. ইয়াত tense, pronoun আৰু time words সলনি কৰা হয়। We do not use quotation marks. ইয়াত quotation marks ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নহয়।

Ex: Rina said that she was reading. (ৰিনাই ক’লে যে তাই পঢ়ি আছিল।)

4. How to Change Direct to Indirect Speech (Direct Speech ক Indirect Speech লৈ কেনেকৈ সলনি কৰিব)

(a) Remove the Quotation Marks (Quotation Marks আঁতৰাওক)

Example: “I am playing.” → that he was playing. (যে সি খেলি আছিল।)

(b) Change the Tense (Tense সলনি কৰক)

If the reporting verb (said, told, asked) is in past tense, then the verb in reported speech goes one step back in tense. যদি reporting verb (said, told, asked) past tense ত থাকে, তেন্তে reported speech ৰ verb এটা step পিছলৈ যায়।

Changes: am / is → was, are → were, has / have → had, will → would, shall → should, can → could, may → might, was / were → had been

Ex: He said, “I eat rice.” (→ He said that he ate rice.→ সি ক’লে যে সি ভাত খাইছিল।)

She said, “I will go.” (→ She said that she would go. → তাই ক’লে যে তাই যাব।)

Note: If the reporting verb is in present or future tense, don’t change the tense. (যদি reporting verb present বা future tense ত থাকে, তেন্তে tense সলনি নকৰিব।)

Ex: He says, “I am happy.” (→ He says that he is happy. → সি কয় যে সি সুখী।)

(c) Change the Pronouns (Pronoun সলনি কৰক)

Pronouns change according to the subject and object of the sentence. (Pronoun বাক্যৰ subject আৰু object অনুসৰি সলনি হয়।)

Ex: He said, “I am busy.” (→ He said that he was busy. → সি ক’লে যে সি ব্যস্ত আছিল।)

She said to me, “You are kind.” (→ She told me that I was kind. → তাই মোক ক’লে যে মই দয়ালু আছিলোঁ।)

(d) Change of Time and Place Words (Time আৰু Place Words সলনি)

When we change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, the time and place words also change. Direct Speech ক Indirect Speech লৈ সলনি কৰাৰ সময়ত time আৰু place words ও সলনি হয়।

Changes: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the previous day, here → there
this → that, these → those, tonight → that night

Ex: Direct: He said, “I will go tomorrow.” Indirect: He said that he would go the next day. (Direct: সি ক’লে, “মই কাইলৈ যাম।” Indirect: সি ক’লে যে সি পিছদিনা যাব।)

5. Kinds of Sentences and Their Rules (বাক্যৰ ধৰণ আৰু নিয়ম)

(i) Assertive Sentences (Simple Statements : সাধাৰণ বাক্য)

Use that to join the sentence. বাক্য যোগ কৰিবলৈ that ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।

Ex: A. He said, “I am fine.” → He said that he was fine. B. She said, “I like tea.” → She said that she liked tea.

(ii) Interrogative Sentences (Questions : প্ৰশ্নসূচক বাক্য)

Use asked instead of said. (said ৰ ঠাইত asked ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।)

Remove the question mark.(Question mark আঁতৰাওক।)

Use if/whether for yes-no questions.(Yes-No question ৰ বাবে if/whether ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।)

Keep wh- words (what, where, why, etc.) as they are. (wh- words (what, where, why) একেই ৰাখক।)

Examples: A. She said, “Are you happy ?” → She asked if I was happy. B. He said, “Where do you live ?” → He asked where I lived.

(iii) Imperative Sentences (Orders, Requests, Advice : আদেশ, অনুৰোধ, উপদেশ)

Use verbs like told, ordered, requested, advised. (told, ordered, requested, advised আদি verb ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।)

Use to + verb after that. (তাৰ পিছত to + verb ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।)

For negative commands, use not to + verb. (Negative command ৰ বাবে not to + verb ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।)

Ex: A. He said, “Sit down.” → He told me to sit down. B. She said, “Please help me.” → She requested me to help her.  C. The teacher said, “Don’t talk.” → The teacher told us not to talk.

(iv) Exclamatory Sentences (Strong Feelings : আবেগসূচক বাক্য)

Use words like exclaimed with joy / sorrow / surprise. (exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise আদি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।)

Remove the exclamation mark (!). (Exclamation mark আঁতৰাওক।)

Change into a simple statement. (বাক্যটো সাধাৰণ বাক্যলৈ সলনি কৰক।)

Examples: i. He said, “What a beautiful flower!” → He exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful flower. ii. She said, “Alas! I am lost.” → She exclaimed with sorrow that she was lost.

6. Important Reporting Verbs (গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ Reporting Verbs)

• said, told → for statements


• asked, inquired → for questions


• ordered, commanded → for orders


• requested, begged, advised → for requests or advice


• exclaimed → for emotions

Examples:

1. He said, “I am busy.” → He said that he was busy.


2. She said, “I will call you tomorrow.” → She said that she would call me the next day.


3. He said, “Please open the door.” → He requested me to open the door.


4. The teacher said, “Don’t run.” → The teacher told us not to run.


5. She said, “What a pity!” → She exclaimed with sorrow that it was a pity.

7. Tips for Exams (পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে টিপছ)

• Remove quotation marks. (Quotation marks আঁতৰাওক।)


• Change tense one step back.(Tense এটা step পিছলৈ সলনি কৰক।)


• Change pronouns correctly. (Pronoun সঠিকভাৱে সলনি কৰক।)


• Change time and place words. (Time আৰু place words সলনি কৰক।)


• Use correct reporting verbs. (সঠিক reporting verb ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।)


• Don’t change the meaning of the sentence. (বাক্যৰ অৰ্থ সলনি নকৰিব।)

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MCQ on Narration (Direct and Indirect Speech : প্ৰত্যক্ষ আৰু পৰোক্ষ উক্তি)

1. He said, “I am happy.” ৰ সঠিক Indirect Speech কোনটো ?

A) He said that he is happy.  B) He said that he was happy.  C) He says that he was happy.  D) He told that he happy.

Ans / উত্তৰ: B) He said that he was happy.

Explanation: The reporting verb “said” is in past tense, so “am” changes to “was”. ব্যাখ্যা: “said” past tense ত আছে, সেয়ে “am” → “was” হৈছে।

2. She said, “I will go tomorrow.” ৰ সঠিক Indirect Speech কোনটো ?

A) She said that she will go tomorrow.  B) She said that she would go the next day. C) She told that she would go tomorrow.  D) She said she go the next day.

Ans / উত্তৰ:

B) She said that she would go the next day.

Explanation: “will” changes to “would” and “tomorrow” changes to “the next day”. ব্যাখ্যা: “will” → “would” আৰু “tomorrow” → “the next day” হয়।

3. The teacher said, “Don’t make noise.” ৰ সঠিক Indirect Speech কোনটো ?

A) The teacher told us not make noise.  B) The teacher ordered us to not make noise.  C) The teacher told us not to make noise.  D) The teacher said not to make noise.

Ans / উত্তৰ:

C) The teacher told us not to make noise.

Explanation: Negative imperative sentences use “not to + verb”. ব্যাখ্যা: Negative imperative sentence ত “not to + verb” ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।

4. She said to me, “Are you busy?” ৰ সঠিক Indirect Speech কোনটো ?

A) She asked me if I was busy.  B) She said to me if I was busy.  C) She asked me that I was busy. D) She told me if I am busy.

Ans / উত্তৰ: A) She asked me if I was busy.

Explanation: Questions use “asked” and yes/no questions use “if”. ব্যাখ্যা: প্ৰশ্নবোধক বাক্যত “asked” ব্যৱহাৰ হয় আৰু yes/no question ত “if” ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।

5. He said, “Where do you live ?” ৰ সঠিক Indirect Speech কোনটো ?

A) He asked where did I live.  B) He asked where I lived.  C) He said where I lived.  D) He asked where do I live.

Ans / উত্তৰ: B) He asked where I lived.

Explanation: Wh-question keeps the wh-word and changes tense properly. ব্যাখ্যা: Wh-question ত wh-word একেই থাকে আৰু tense সলনি হয়।

6. Rina said, “I can swim.” ৰ সঠিক Indirect Speech কোনটো ?

A) Rina said that she could swim.  B) Rina said that she can swim.
C) Rina told she could swim.  D) Rina says that she could swim.

Ans / উত্তৰ: A) Rina said that she could swim.

Explanation: “can” changes to “could” in indirect speech. ব্যাখ্যা: Indirect speech ত “can” → “could” হয়।

7. He said, “Please help me.” ৰ সঠিক Indirect Speech কোনটো ?

A) He ordered me to help him.  B) He requested me to help him.  C) He said me to help him.  D) He advised me help him.

Ans / উত্তৰ: B) He requested me to help him.

Explanation: “Please” shows a request, so “requested” is used. ব্যাখ্যা: “Please” থাকিলে request বুজায়, সেয়ে “requested” ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।

8. She said, “What a beautiful picture!” ৰ সঠিক Indirect Speech কোনটো ?

A) She exclaimed with sorrow that it was a beautiful picture.  B) She exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful picture.
C) She said that it is a beautiful picture.  D) She exclaimed that beautiful picture.

Ans / উত্তৰ: B) She exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful picture.

Explanation: The sentence expresses happiness or admiration, so “exclaimed with joy” is used. ব্যাখ্যা: ই আনন্দ বা প্ৰশংসা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে, সেয়ে “exclaimed with joy” ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।

9. He said, “I have finished my work.” ৰ সঠিক Indirect Speech কোনটো ?

A) He said that he has finished his work.  B) He said that he had finished his work.  C) He told that he finished his work.  D) He says that he had finished his work.

Ans / উত্তৰ: B) He said that he had finished his work.

Explanation: “have finished” changes to “had finished”. ব্যাখ্যা: “have finished” → “had finished” হয়।

10. Mother said, “Open the window.” ৰ সঠিক Indirect Speech কোনটো ?

A) Mother requested to open the window.  B) Mother told me open the window.  C) Mother told me to open the window.  D) Mother said me to open the window.

Ans / উত্তৰ: C) Mother told me to open the window.

Explanation: Imperative sentences use “told + object + to + verb”. ব্যাখ্যা: Imperative sentence ত “told + object + to + verb” ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।