What are Set Identities ? SETS and Types of SETS
Set Identities / āĻā§āĻā§° āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ (Set Identities)
1. What are Set Identities ?
Set identities are basic rules in Set Theory that show relationships between different sets. These rules help us simplify expressions involving sets, just like algebraic identities. They are useful in solving problems related to union, intersection, and complement of sets. Set identities āĻšā§āĻā§ Set Theoryā§° āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ, āϝāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻā§āĻā§° āĻŽāĻžāĻāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§°ā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§ā§ąāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŦā§ā§°ā§ union, intersection āĻā§°ā§ complementā§° āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ā§° āϏāĻšāĻāĻā§ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
Trick / āĻāĻŋāĻĒāĻ : SETS and Types of SETS : Click Here
- Union (∪) → Add everything / āϏāĻāϞ⧠āϞā§ā§ąāĻž
- Intersection (∩) → Only common / āĻā§ā§ąāϞ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻĨāĻāĻž
- Complement (′) → Opposite / āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§°ā§āϤ
2. Important Set Identities
(a) Identity Laws : i. A ∪ ∅ = A, ii. A ∩ U = A
Note: Union with empty set gives the same set. Intersection with universal set gives the same set. āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻā§° āϏā§āϤ⧠union āĻā§°āĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§° āĻā§āĻāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ Universal setā§° āϏā§āϤ⧠intersection āĻā§°āĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§° āĻā§āĻāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
(b) Domination Laws : i. A ∪ U = U, ii. A ∩ ∅ = ∅
Note: Union with universal set gives universal set. Intersection with empty set gives empty set. Universal setā§° āϏā§āϤ⧠union āĻā§°āĻŋāϞ⧠U āĻĒā§ā§ąāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻā§° āϏā§āϤ⧠intersection āĻā§°āĻŋāϞ⧠∅ āĻĒā§ā§ąāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
(c) Idempotent Laws : i. A ∪ A = A, ii. A ∩ A = A
Note: Repeating the same set does not change the result. āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āύ⧰ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āĻā§°āĻŋāϞ⧠āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϏāϞāύāĻŋ āύāĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
(d) Complement Laws : i. A ∪ A′ = U, ii. A ∩ A′ = ∅
Note: A set and its complement together give universal set; intersection gives empty set. āĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ āĻā§°ā§ āϤāĻžā§° complement āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋ universal set āĻšāϝāĻŧ; intersection āĻā§°āĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
(e) Commutative Laws: i. A ∪ B = B ∪ A, ii. A ∩ B = B ∩ A
(f) Associative Laws: i. (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C), ii. (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
(g) Distributive Laws : A ∩ (B ∪ C) = i. (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C), ii. A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
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MCQ : SETS and Types of SETS : Click Here
1. A ∪ ∅ = ?
A. ∅ | B. A | C. U | D. A′
Ans: B. A
Explanation: Empty set has nothing, so adding it does not change A. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻāϤ āĻāĻā§ āύāĻžāĻ, āϏā§āϝāĻŧā§ Aā§° āϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻžāϞ⧠A-āϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
2. A ∩ ∅ = ?
A. A | B. U | C. ∅ | D. A′
Ans: C. ∅
Explanation: Empty set has no common elements with A. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻāϤ āĻāĻā§ āύāĻžāĻ, āϏā§āϝāĻŧā§ Aā§° āϏā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžā§°āĻŖ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āύāĻžāĻāĨ¤
3. A ∪ A′ = ?
A. ∅ | B. A | C. U | D. B
Ans: C. U
Explanation: A and its complement together make the whole universal set. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: A āĻā§°ā§ āϤāĻžā§° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§°ā§āϤ (complement) āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§ā§°ā§āĻŖ universal set āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
4. A ∩ A = ?
A. ∅ | B. A | C. U | D. A′
Ans: B. A
Explanation: Common elements of A with itself is A. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: A āύāĻŋāĻā§° āϞāĻāϤ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻžāϞ⧠A-āϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
5. A ∩ (B ∪ C) = ?
A. A ∩ B ∪ C
B. (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
C. A ∪ B ∩ C
D. None
Ans: B. (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
Explanation: A distributes over (B ∪ C), like multiplication in maths. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: A, (B ∪ C)āϤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ - āϝā§āύ⧠āĻā§āĻŖā§° āĻĻā§°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Error Correction / āĻā§āϞ āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύ āĻā§°āĻ : SETS and Types of SETS : Click Here
1. A ∪ ∅ = ∅ Wrong
Correct: A ∪ ∅ = A
Explanation: Adding nothing does not change A. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻāĻā§ āϝā§āĻ āύāĻā§°āĻŋāϞ⧠āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϏāϞāύāĻŋ āύāĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
2. A ∩ U = U Wrong
Correct: A ∩ U = A
Explanation: All elements of A are already in U. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: Aā§° āϏāĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ UāϤ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
3. A ∪ A′ = A Wrong
Correct: A ∪ A′ = U
Explanation: A + opposite = full set. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: A + āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§°ā§āϤ = āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§ā§°ā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻāĨ¤
4. A ∩ A′ = A Wrong
Correct: A ∩ A′ = ∅
Explanation: No common elements between A and its opposite. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: A āĻā§°ā§ āϤāĻžā§° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§°ā§āϤ⧰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāϤ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžā§°āĻŖ āύāĻžāĻāĨ¤
5. A ∪ A = U Wrong
Correct: A ∪ A = A
Explanation: Same set added again remains same. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āύ⧰ āϝā§āĻ āĻā§°āĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤