Biology Basic Info :: āĻā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯
1. Study of heredity – Genetics : āĻŦāĻāĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§ā§°āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžā§° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ – āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž :
Explanation : Genetics is the branch of biology that studies how traits and characteristics are passed from parents to offspring through genes, controlling features like eye color or height. āĻŦāĻāĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§ā§°āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžā§° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ – āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž : āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻā§ā§ąāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžā§° āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻŋ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŖ āĻā§°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§ā§° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ā§-āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§, āĻāĻā§ā§° ā§°āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžā§° āĻĻā§°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ā§°āĻŖ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
2. Unit of inheritance – Gene : āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžā§°ā§° āĻāĻāĻ – āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž :
Explanation : A gene is a small segment of DNA that carries instructions for making proteins and determines specific traits or functions inherited from parents to offspring. āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§°ā§ DNA āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻ¯āĻŋ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ā§ąāĻžā§° āĻ¨āĻŋā§°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻā§°ā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžā§ąāĻā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžā§° āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻĒā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžā§°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻ¨āĻŋā§°ā§āĻ§āĻžā§°āĻŖ āĻā§°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§°ā§ DNA āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻ¯āĻŋ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ā§ąāĻžā§° āĻ¨āĻŋā§°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻā§°ā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžā§ąāĻā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžā§° āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻĒā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžā§°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻ¨āĻŋā§°ā§āĻ§āĻžā§°āĻŖ āĻā§°ā§
3. Carrier of genetic information – DNA : āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ – āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž:
Explanation : DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that stores and transfers genetic information in all living organisms, guiding growth, development, and reproduction processes. āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻ (āĻĄāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻŋā§°āĻžāĻāĻŦ'āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻĄ) āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻŖā§ā§°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§ā§ąāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§°ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§° āĻā§°ā§, āĻā§°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋā§°, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻā§ā§°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§° āĻĻāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
4. Shape of DNA molecule – Double helix : āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻŖā§ā§° āĻāĻāĻžā§° – āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻšā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž:
Explanation : The DNA molecule has a double helix structure, consisting of two strands twisted around each other like a spiral staircase, discovered by Watson and Crick. āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻŖā§ā§ąā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžā§°ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻšā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻā§, āĻ¯āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻĒā§°āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§°ā§° āĻāĻžā§°āĻŋāĻāĻĢāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§ā§āĻž āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋā§° āĻĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻĸāĻŧā§, ā§ąāĻžāĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻā§°ā§ āĻā§ā§°āĻŋāĻā§° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžā§°āĻž āĻā§ąāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĨ¤
5. Discovered laws of inheritance – Gregor Mendel : āĻŦāĻāĻļāĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§° āĻā§ąāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžā§° – āĻā§ā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻŽā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§āĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž:
Explanation : Gregor Mendel, known as the Father of Genetics, discovered basic laws of inheritance by experimenting with pea plants, showing how traits pass from parents to offspring. āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸ā§° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻĒā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻā§ā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻŽā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻā§°āĻ¸ā§°āĻāĻā§° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇ āĻĒā§°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻā§°āĻŋ āĻŦāĻāĻļāĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§° āĻā§ąāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžā§° āĻā§°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ˛, āĻĻā§āĻā§ā§ąāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŖāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžā§ąāĻā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§°ā§ā§ąāĻžā§° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
6. Type of cell division in growth – Mitosis : āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§° āĻĒā§ā§°āĻāĻžā§° – āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ'āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž:
Explanation : Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, helping in growth, repair, and replacement of worn-out or damaged body cells. āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ'āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§° āĻāĻāĻž āĻĒā§ā§°āĻāĻžā§° āĻ¯āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻā§ā§āĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻˇ āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§°ā§, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ, āĻŽā§°āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§°ā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ā§°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻš āĻā§āĻˇā§° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
7. Cell division in gametes – Meiosis
Explanation : Meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces reproductive cells (sperms and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.
8. Biology: Biology is the scientific study of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, and interactions with their environment. It helps us understand life processes and biodiversity.
9. Kidney: The kidney filters waste products and excess water from the blood to form urine. It also helps maintain fluid balance, regulate blood pressure, and control mineral levels.
10. Lungs: Lungs are the main respiratory organs in humans that exchange gases. They take in oxygen from the air and remove carbon dioxide produced during respiration.
11. Sperm and Egg: Sperm (male) and egg (female) are reproductive cells or gametes. They combine during fertilization to form a zygote, beginning the development of a new organism.
12. Photosynthesis: Leaves perform photosynthesis, a process that uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose (food) and oxygen. It’s essential for plant growth and life on Earth.
13. Gene: A gene is the basic unit of heredity. It contains DNA instructions that determine an organism’s traits, such as color, height, or blood type, passed from parents to offspring.
14. Trachea: The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects the throat to the lungs, allowing air to pass during breathing. It’s lined with cilia to filter dust.
15. Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin is a red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs.
16. Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain controlling voluntary actions, intelligence, memory, speech, and thinking. It helps in learning and problem-solving activities.
17. Heterotrophs: Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food. They depend on plants or other animals for nutrition, such as humans, animals, and many fungi.
18. Ovary: The ovary in a flower contains ovules and, after fertilization, develops into a fruit. It protects seeds and helps in the reproduction of flowering plants.
19. Skeleton: The skeleton forms the structural framework of the human body. It supports and protects organs, helps in movement, and gives shape to the body.
20. Amylase: Amylase is an enzyme present in saliva that breaks down starch into simpler sugars like maltose, starting the process of digestion in the mouth.
21. Birds: Birds are warm-blooded animals that lay eggs, have feathers, wings, and beaks. Most can fly and maintain a constant body temperature through metabolism.
22. Homeostasis: Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain stable internal conditions like temperature, water balance, and pH despite changes in their external environment.