Why Do Parachutes Slow You Down ? : āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻĒā§°āĻžāĻā§ āϧā§ā§° āĻā§°ā§ ?
- When you jump, gravity pulls you down. āϝā§āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻĒā§āύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§, āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻĒā§āύāĻžāĻ āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāύā§āĨ¤
- As you fall, air pushes upward. āĻāĻĒā§āύāĻŋ āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻĒā§°ā§āĻāϤā§, āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ā§ąā§ āĻāĻĒā§°āϞ⧠āĻ ā§āϞāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĨ¤
- This upward force is called air resistance. āĻāĻ āĻāĻĒā§°āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϞāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻŦā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§ā§ąāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- A parachute increases surface area. āĻāĻāĻž āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĢāϞ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- More surface area means more air resistance. āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĢāϞ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧāĨ¤
- More air resistance slows the fall. āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ⧠āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻĒā§°āĻžāĻā§ āϧā§ā§° āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
Forces acting on a parachute - āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻāϤ āĻāĻžā§°ā§āϝ āĻā§°āĻž āĻŦāϞāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
- ↑ Air Resistance (Upward) : āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ (āĻāĻĒā§°āϞā§)
- ↓ Gravity (Downward) : āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ āĻŦāϞ (āϤāϞāϞā§)
Key Point - āĻŽā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻĨāĻž
Parachutes slow you down by increasing air resistance. : āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĒā§āύāĻžāĻ āϧā§ā§°ā§ āϤāϞāϞ⧠āύāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻŦāϞ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
MCQ Set : “Why Do Parachutes Slow You Down?” : “āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻĒā§°āĻžāĻā§ āϧā§ā§° āĻā§°ā§?”
Q1. Why do parachutes slow you down ? - āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻāϤāĻŋ āϧā§ā§° āĻā§°ā§ ?
(a) They reduce gravity | āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧ (b) They increase air resistance | āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ
(c) They increase weight | āĻ āĻāĻāύ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ (d) They stop motion | āĻ āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻā§°ā§
Ans: (b)
Explanation: Parachutes increase air resistance which slows the fall. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻžāĻ āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻĒā§°āĻžāĻā§ āϧā§ā§° āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
Q2. When a person jumps from height, which force pulls him down ? - āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāĻžā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻāĻāĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāύ⧠?
(a) Air force | āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāϞ (b) Magnetic force | āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāϞ (c) Gravity | āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ āĻŦāϞ (d) Friction | āĻāϰā§āώāĻŖ
Ans: (c)
Explanation: Gravity always pulls objects towards Earth. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ āĻŦāϞ⧠āϏāĻāϞ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋā§ąā§ā§° āĻĢāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāύā§āĨ¤
Q3. As a person falls, air pushes in which direction ? : āĻŽāĻžāύā§āĻš āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻĒā§°āĻŋāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ā§ąā§ āĻā§āύ āĻĻāĻŋāĻļāϤ āĻ ā§āϞāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ ?
(a) Downward : āϤāϞāϞ⧠(b) Sideways : āĻāĻžāώāϞ⧠(c) Upward : āĻāĻĒā§°āϞ⧠(d) Forward : āĻāĻāϞā§
Ans: (c)
Explanation: Air resistance acts upward against motion. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§°ā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻāĻĒā§°āϞ⧠āĻāĻžā§°ā§āϝ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
Q4. The upward force of air is called - : āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ā§° āĻāĻĒā§°āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϞāĻ āĻāĻŋ āĻā§ā§ąāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ ?
(a) Gravity : āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ (b) Pressure : āĻāĻžāĻĒ (c) Air resistance : āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ (d) Magnetism : āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻāϤā§āĻŦ
Ans: (c)
Explanation: Air resistance opposes downward motion. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ⧠āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻĒā§°āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĨ¤
Q5. A parachute works mainly by increasing - : āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ ?
(a) Weight : āĻāĻāύ (b) Speed : āĻāϤāĻŋ (c) Surface area : āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĢāϞ (d) Gravity : āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ
Ans: (c)
Explanation: Larger surface area meets more air. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻĄāĻžāĻā§° āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĢāϞāϤ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Q6. More surface area causes - : āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§ ?
(a) Less air resistance : āĻāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ (b) More air resistance : āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ
(c) No force : āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϞ āύāĻžāĻ (d) More gravity : āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ
Ans: (b)
Explanation: More air hits the parachute. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ā§ąā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻāϤ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
Q7. Increased air resistance results in - : āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§ ?
(a) Faster fall : āĻĻā§ā§°ā§āϤ āĻĒā§°ā§ (b) Slower fall : āϧā§ā§°ā§ āĻĒā§°ā§
(c) No fall : āύāĻĒā§°ā§ (d) Jump upward : āĻāĻĒā§°āϞ⧠āĻāĻ ā§
Ans: (b)
Explanation: Air resistance slows downward motion. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ⧠āĻāϤāĻŋ āϧā§ā§° āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
Q8. Which object falls slowest ? : āĻā§āύāĻā§ āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻāϤāĻā§ āϧā§ā§°ā§ āĻĒā§°ā§ ?
(a) Stone : āĻļāĻŋāϞ (b) Coin : āĻŽā§āĻĻā§ā§°āĻž (c) Open parachute : āĻā§āϞāĻž āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻ (d) Iron ball : āϞā§āĻšāĻžā§° āĻŦāϞ
Ans: (c)
Explanation: Open parachute has maximum air resistance. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āϞāĻž āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻāϤ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
Q9. Parachutes are usually made of - : āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžā§°āĻŖāϤ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻšā§ā§°ā§ āϤā§āϝāĻŧāĻžā§° ?
(a) Wood : āĻāĻžāĻ (b) Heavy metal : āĻāĻžā§°ā§ā§° āϧāĻžāϤ⧠(c) Light cloth/nylon : āĻšāĻžāϞāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĒā§ā§°/āύāĻžāĻāϞāύ (d) Stone : āĻļāĻŋāϞ
Ans: (c)
Explanation: Light materials increase safety and area. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻšāĻžāϞāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻĻāĻžā§°ā§āĻĨā§ āϏā§ā§°āĻā§āώāĻž āĻā§°ā§ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĢāϞ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q10. Without air, a parachute would - : āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āύāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ -
(a) Work better : āĻāĻžāϞ āĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻā§°ā§ (b) Not work : āĻāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻā§°ā§ (c) Fly upward : āĻāĻĒā§°āϞ⧠āĻā§°ā§ (d) Stop gravity : āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻā§°ā§
Ans: (b)
Explanation: No air means no air resistance. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āύāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āύāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Q11. Air resistance always acts - : āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āϏāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ -
(a) Along motion : āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻĻāĻŋāĻļā§ (b) Opposite to motion : āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§°ā§āϤ
(c) Downward : āϤāϞāϞ⧠(d) Sideways : āĻāĻžāώāϞā§
Ans: (b)
Explanation: It opposes motion. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻ āϏāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§°ā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
Q12. Which force tries to speed up the fall ?: āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞāĻā§ā§ąā§ āĻĒā§°āĻžāĻā§ āĻĻā§ā§°ā§āϤ āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦ āĻā§āĻā§ ?
(a) Air resistance : āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ (b) Gravity : āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ
(c) Friction : āĻāϰā§āώāĻŖ (d) Magnetic force : āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāϞ
Ans: (b)
Explanation: Gravity pulls downward. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ⧠āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāύā§āĨ¤
Q13. Parachutes are used by - : āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āĻā§°ā§ ?
(a) Swimmers : āϏāĻžāĻāϤā§ā§° (b) Astronauts :āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻžā§°ā§ (c) Skydivers : āϏā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻžāĻāĻāĻžā§° (d) Drivers : āĻāĻžāϞāĻ
Ans: (c)
Explanation: Skydivers use parachutes for safe landing. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āϏā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻžāĻāĻāĻžā§°ā§ āϏā§ā§°āĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ ā§ąāϤ⧰āĻŖā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
Q14. When parachute opens, speed - : āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻā§āϞāĻžā§° āĻĒāĻžāĻāϤ āĻāϤāĻŋ -
(a) Increases : āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧā§ (b) Decreases : āĻāĻŽā§ (c) Becomes zero : āĻļā§āύā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧ (d) Changes direction ; āĻĻāĻŋāĻļ āϏāϞāύāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ
Ans: (b)
Explanation: Air resistance increases suddenly. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻšāĻ āĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧā§āĨ¤
Q15. Air resistance depends on - : āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§° āĻāĻĒā§°āϤ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ ?
(a) Surface area : āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĢāϞ (b) Speed : āĻāϤāĻŋ (c) Shape : āĻāĻāĻžā§° (d) All of these : āϏāĻāϞā§āĻŦā§ā§°
Ans: (d)
Explanation: All factors affect air resistance. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āϏāĻāϞā§āĻŦā§ā§°ā§ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻāĻžā§ąāĻŋāϤ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
Q16. Parachute helps mainly in - : āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻāĻŋāĻšāϤ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻā§°ā§ ?
(a) Flying : āĻā§°āĻž (b) Safe landing : āϏā§ā§°āĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ ā§ąāϤ⧰āĻŖ (c) Jumping higher : āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻĒ (d) Stopping air : āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻā§°āĻž
Ans: (b)
Explanation: It reduces speed for safe landing. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻ āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ āϏā§ā§°āĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ ā§ąāϤ⧰āĻŖ āĻā§°āĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q17. Which has more air resistance ? : āĻā§āύāĻā§ā§° āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋ ?
(a) Closed parachute : āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻ (b) Open parachute : āĻā§āϞāĻž āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻ (c) Stone : āĻļāĻŋāϞ (d) Coin : āĻŽā§āĻĻā§ā§°āĻž
Ans: (b)
Explanation: Open parachute has larger area. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āϞāĻž āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§° āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
Q18. Parachute falling motion is an example of - : āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ā§°ā§ āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻ āĻšāĻž āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖ -
(a) Free fall : āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĒāϤāύ (b) Motion with air resistance : āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧāϏāĻš āĻāϤāĻŋ
(c) Circular motion : āĻŦā§āϤā§āϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāϤāĻŋ (d) Oscillatory motion : āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻāϤāĻŋ
Ans: (b)
Explanation: Air resistance plays a major role. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ⧰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
Q19. Gravity acts - : āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ āĻŦāϞ -
(a) Only upward : āĻā§ā§ąāϞ āĻāĻĒā§°āϞ⧠(b) Only downward : āĻā§ā§ąāϞ āϤāϞāϞā§
(c) In all directions : āϏāĻāϞ⧠āĻĻāĻŋāĻļā§ (d) Sideways : āĻāĻžāώāϞā§
Ans: (b)
Explanation: Gravity pulls objects downward. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāύā§āĨ¤
Q20. Main reason parachutes slow you down is - : āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤāĻŋ āϧā§ā§° āĻā§°āĻžā§° āĻŽā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻžā§°āĻŖ -
(a) Reduced gravity : āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώ āĻāĻŽāĻž (b) Increased weight : āĻāĻāύ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻž
(c) Increased air resistance : āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻž (d) Shape change only : āĻā§ā§ąāϞ āĻāĻāĻžā§° āϏāϞāύāĻŋ
Ans: (c)
Explanation: Increased air resistance slows the fall. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻžā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϤāĻŋ āϧā§ā§° āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Key Point : āĻŽā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻĨāĻž
Parachutes slow you down by increasing air resistance. : āĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤāĻŋā§°ā§āϧ āĻŦāĻĸāĻŧāĻžāĻ āϤāϞāϞ⧠āĻĒā§°āĻžāĻā§ āϧā§ā§° āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤