Why Do Tornadoes Spin ? : āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§ā§°ā§ ?
1. Tornadoes Form During Powerful Thunderstorms
Tornadoes usually form during very powerful thunderstorms. These storms create strong winds and unstable air conditions.
āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžā§°āĻŖāĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ **āĻŦāĻā§ā§°āĻāĻĄāĻŧ (Thunderstorm)**ā§° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŦā§ā§°ā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻš āĻā§°ā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ā§° āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
2. Warm Air Rises from the Ground
Warm air near the ground rises quickly upward because warm air is lighter.
āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋā§° āĻāĻā§°ā§° āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§ā§°ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒā§°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ ā§, āĻāĻžā§°āĻŖ āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻā§°ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§ āĻāĻĒā§°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§āĨ¤
3. Cool Air Moves In
Cooler air moves in to replace the rising warm air. This movement creates strong air currents.
āĻāĻ āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ā§ąāĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ā§° āĻ āĻžāĻ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻŖ āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻāĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ā§° āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
4. Wind Shear Causes Spinning
Winds at different heights blow in different directions. This effect is called wind shear, and it creates a horizontal spinning tube of air.
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻš āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ Wind Shear (āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§° āĻĻāĻŋāĻļā§° āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§āĻĨāĻā§āĻ¯) āĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§ā§ąāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¯āĻžā§° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ā§° āĻāĻāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
5. Rising Air Tilts the Spin
The rising warm air tilts this spinning air tube vertically, forming a rotating funnel called a tornado.
āĻāĻĒā§°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ āĻĨāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ā§° āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻā§°āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻāĻž āĻā§ā§°āĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĢāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§ā§ąāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Key Point
Tornadoes spin because rising warm air and wind shear create strong rotation.
āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻā§ā§°ā§ āĻāĻžā§°āĻŖ āĻāĻĒā§°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§° āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
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MCQ
1. Tornadoes usually form during which type of storm ? : āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžā§°āĻŖāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ§ā§°āĻŖā§° āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ ?
A) Snowstorm | āĻ¤ā§āĻˇāĻžā§° āĻāĻĄāĻŧ B) Thunderstorm | āĻŦāĻā§ā§°āĻāĻĄāĻŧ C) Sandstorm | āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋā§° āĻāĻĄāĻŧ D) Rainstorm | āĻŦā§°āĻˇā§āĻŖā§° āĻāĻĄāĻŧ
Ans: B) Thunderstorm | āĻŦāĻā§ā§°āĻāĻĄāĻŧ
Explanation: Tornadoes usually develop during strong thunderstorms where unstable air and powerful winds exist.
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžā§°āĻŖāĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻā§ā§°āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¯’āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻš āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
2. What type of air rises quickly from the ground ? : āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ§ā§°āĻŖā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§ā§°ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒā§°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ ā§ ?
A) Cold air | āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ B) Warm air | āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ C) Dry air | āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ D) Dusty air | āĻ§ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§
Ans: B) Warm air | āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§
Explanation: Warm air is lighter than cold air, so it rises quickly upward. āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¤āĻā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻĻā§ā§°ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒā§°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĨ¤
3. What replaces the rising warm air ? : āĻāĻ āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ā§ąāĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ā§° āĻ āĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧ ?
A) Dust | āĻ§ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ B) Cooler air | āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ C) Smoke | āĻ§ā§āĻā§ąāĻž D) Steam | āĻāĻžāĻĒ
Ans: B) Cooler air | āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§
Explanation: Cooler air moves in to replace the rising warm air, creating strong air movement.
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻāĻ āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ā§ąāĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ā§° āĻ āĻžāĻ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻŖ āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻāĻšā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
4. What is the difference in wind direction at different heights called ? : āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§° āĻĻāĻŋāĻļā§° āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§āĻĨāĻā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻŋ āĻā§ā§ąāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ ?
A) Wind storm | āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§° āĻāĻĄāĻŧ B) Wind shear | āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§° C) Air pressure | āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻžāĻĒ D) Air current | āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ§āĻžā§°āĻž
Ans: B) Wind shear | āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§°
Explanation: Wind shear happens when winds blow in different directions or speeds at different heights.
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§° āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻš āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻŋā§°ā§ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
5. Wind shear creates what type of spinning air ? : āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§°āĻŖā§° āĻā§ā§°āĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§ ?
A) Vertical spinning | āĻāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ B) Horizontal spinning | āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ C) Circular storm | āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĄāĻŧ D) Dust storm | āĻ§ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ
Ans: B) Horizontal spinning | āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ
Explanation: Wind shear forms a horizontal rotating tube of air in the atmosphere. āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§°ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ā§° āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
6. What changes the horizontal spin into a vertical tornado ? : āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻā§°ā§ ?
A) Rain | āĻŦā§°āĻˇā§āĻŖ B) Rising warm air | āĻāĻĒā§°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ C) Clouds | āĻĄāĻžā§ąā§° D) Lightning | āĻŦāĻā§ā§°āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤
Ans: B) Rising warm air | āĻāĻĒā§°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§
Explanation: Rising warm air tilts the spinning air vertically and forms a tornado funnel. āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻāĻĒā§°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ āĻĨāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻā§°āĻŋ āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
7. What shape does a tornado usually have ? : āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ā§° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžā§°āĻŖāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ ?
A) Square | āĻŦā§°ā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ B) Funnel | āĻĢāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ C) Triangle | āĻ¤ā§ā§°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ D) Oval | āĻĄāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Ans: B) Funnel | āĻĢāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Explanation: Tornadoes usually appear as a rotating funnel-shaped cloud. āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžā§°āĻŖāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĢāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋā§° āĻĄāĻžā§ąā§°ā§° āĻĻā§°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
8. Tornado rotation is mainly caused by which two factors ? : āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ā§° āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžā§°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ ?
A) Rain & clouds | āĻŦā§°āĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻā§°ā§ āĻĄāĻžā§ąā§° B) Rising air & wind shear | āĻāĻ āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§° C) Snow & wind | āĻ¤ā§āĻˇāĻžā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻš D) Sunlight & heat | āĻ¸ā§ā§°ā§āĻ¯ā§° āĻĒā§āĻšā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ
Ans: B) Rising air & wind shear | āĻāĻ āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§°
Explanation: Rising warm air and wind shear together create strong rotation needed for a tornado. āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻāĻ āĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§°ā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
9. Tornadoes are mainly studied in which science field ? : āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻā§°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ ?
A) Biology | āĻā§ā§ąāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ B) Meteorology | āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ C) Chemistry | ā§°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ D) Botany | āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨
Ans: B) Meteorology | āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨
Explanation: Meteorology is the study of weather events like storms and tornadoes. āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻā§°ā§ āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ā§° āĻĻā§°ā§ āĻŦāĻ¤ā§°ā§° āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻŦā§ā§° āĻ
āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤
10. What is the key reason tornadoes spin ? : āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋā§° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻžā§°āĻŖ āĻāĻŋ ?
A) Heavy rain | āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§°āĻˇā§āĻŖ B) Rising warm air & wind shear | āĻāĻ āĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§° C) Lightning | āĻŦāĻā§ā§°āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ D) Cold clouds | āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻĄāĻžā§ąā§°
Ans: B) Rising warm air & wind shear | āĻāĻ āĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§°
Explanation: The combination of rising warm air and wind shear produces the spinning motion of tornadoes.
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻāĻ āĻž āĻā§°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžā§°ā§° āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¨ā§° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻā§°ā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ā§° āĻā§ā§°āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤