What is Grammar? (ব্যাকৰণ কি ?)

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Grammer Rule : Click Here

Grammar (ব্যাকৰণ)

1. What is Grammar ? (ব্যাকৰণ কি ?)

Grammar is the system of rules that tells us how sentences are constructed in a language, and it helps us speak and write correctly in a proper way.
ব্যাকৰণ হৈছে এনে এটা নিয়মৰ ব্যৱস্থা যিয়ে আমাক এটা ভাষাত বাক্য কেনেকৈ গঠন কৰা হয় তাক বুজায়, আৰু ই আমাক ঠিককৈ কথা ক’ব আৰু লিখিবলৈ সহায় কৰে।

2. Types of Grammarians (ব্যাকৰণবিদৰ প্ৰকাৰ)

There are two main types of grammarians: prescriptive and descriptive, and both explain grammar in different ways based on rules and usage.
ব্যাকৰণবিদৰ দুটা মুখ্য প্ৰকাৰ আছে—Prescriptive আৰু Descriptive, আৰু দুয়োটাই ভিন্ন ধৰণে ব্যাকৰণ বুজায়।

3. Prescriptive Grammar (Prescriptive ব্যাকৰণ)

Prescriptive grammarians believe that grammar is a fixed set of rules that must be followed, and they focus on correct and incorrect usage; if these rules are broken, the language is considered wrong. For example, “He don’t know” is incorrect, while “He doesn’t know” is correct.
Prescriptive ব্যাকৰণবিদে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে ব্যাকৰণ এটা স্থিৰ নিয়মৰ সমষ্টি, যাক মানি চলিব লাগিব, আৰু তেওঁলোকে সঠিক আৰু ভুল ব্যৱহাৰৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে; যদি নিয়ম ভঙা হয়, তেন্তে ভাষাটো ভুল বুলি গণ্য হয়। যেনে “He don’t know” ভুল, আৰু “He doesn’t know” সঠিক।

4. Descriptive Grammar (Descriptive ব্যাকৰণ)

Descriptive grammarians study how people actually use language in real life, and they do not judge whether the usage is correct or incorrect but focus on real communication; for example, “He don’t know” may be acceptable in spoken language depending on context.
Descriptive ব্যাকৰণবিদে মানুহে বাস্তৱ জীৱনত ভাষা কেনেকৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে তাক অধ্যয়ন কৰে, আৰু তেওঁলোকে সঠিক বা ভুল বুলি বিচাৰ নকৰে; বৰং বাস্তৱ ব্যৱহাৰৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। যেনে “He don’t know” কিছু ক্ষেত্ৰত কথোপকথনত গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব পাৰে।

5. Key Difference (মুখ্য পাৰ্থক্য)

The key difference is that prescriptive grammar focuses on rules and correctness, whereas descriptive grammar focuses on actual usage and communication in daily life.
মুখ্য পাৰ্থক্য হৈছে Prescriptive ব্যাকৰণে নিয়ম আৰু সঠিকতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, আনহাতে Descriptive ব্যাকৰণে দৈনন্দিন ব্যৱহাৰৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে।

6. Quick Trick (সহজ মনে ৰাখিবলৈ)

A simple way to remember is: P = Proper rules (Prescriptive) and D = Daily use (Descriptive), which helps to quickly identify their meaning.
সহজকৈ মনে ৰাখিবলৈ: P = Proper rules (Prescriptive) আৰু D = Daily use (Descriptive), যাৰ দ্বাৰা সহজে বুজি পোৱা যায়।

7. Summary (সাৰাংশ)

Grammar refers to the rules of sentence formation in a language, where prescriptive grammar emphasizes correctness and descriptive grammar emphasizes actual usage in real life.
ব্যাকৰণ মানে হৈছে ভাষাত বাক্য গঠনৰ নিয়মসমূহ, য’ত Prescriptive ব্যাকৰণে সঠিকতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে আৰু Descriptive ব্যাকৰণে বাস্তৱ ব্যৱহাৰৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে।

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Grammar Rules (ব্যাকৰণৰ নিয়ম)

1. Sentence (বাক্য)

A sentence is a group of words that gives complete meaning and must have at least one subject and one verb; for example, She runs, where “She” is the subject and “runs” is the verb.
এটা বাক্য হৈছে শব্দৰ এটা গোট যিয়ে সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ইয়াত কমেও এটা subject আৰু এটা verb থাকিব লাগে; যেনে She runs, য’ত “She” হৈছে subject আৰু “runs” হৈছে verb।

2. Phrase (বাক্যাংশ)

A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb together, so it does not give complete meaning; for example, After the party.
Phrase হৈছে শব্দৰ এটা গোট য’ত subject আৰু verb দুয়োটা একেলগে নাথাকে, সেয়ে ই সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ নেদিয়ে; যেনে After the party।

3. Clause (উপবাক্য)

A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a verb; for example, Because it was raining, where “it” is the subject and “was raining” is the verb.
Clause হৈছে শব্দৰ এটা গোট য’ত subject আৰু verb দুয়োটা থাকে; যেনে Because it was raining, য’ত “it” হৈছে subject আৰু “was raining” হৈছে verb।

4. Independent Clause (স্বতন্ত্ৰ উপবাক্য)

An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence and express a full idea; for example, I love pizza.
Independent clause হৈছে এনে clause যি নিজে নিজে সম্পূৰ্ণ বাক্য হিচাপে থাকিব পাৰে আৰু পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰে; যেনে I love pizza।

5. Dependent Clause (নির্ভৰশীল উপবাক্য)

A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and needs another clause to complete its meaning; for example, Although I was tired.
Dependent clause একে অকলে সম্পূৰ্ণ বাক্য নহয় আৰু পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থৰ বাবে আন clauseৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়; যেনে Although I was tired।

6. Comma Rule (Comma ব্যৱহাৰ)

A comma is used before a coordinating conjunction (such as and, but, or) when joining two clauses; for example, She was tired, but she kept working.
দুটা clause যোগ কৰিবলৈ coordinating conjunction (যেনে and, but, or) আগত comma ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়; যেনে She was tired, but she kept working।

7. Functions of Phrase (Phraseৰ কাম)

A phrase can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb in a sentence; for example, in With great care, he painted the wall, the phrase “With great care” acts as an adverb because it explains how the action was performed.
এটা phrase-এ বাক্যত noun, adjective বা adverb হিচাপে কাম কৰিব পাৰে; যেনে With great care, he painted the wall বাক্যত “With great care” এটা adverb phrase, কাৰণ ই কামটো কেনেকৈ কৰা হৈছে তাক বুজায়।

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Grammar MCQs

1. A complete sentence must have: এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ বাক্যত কি থাকিব লাগিব ?
A) Only subject | B) Only verb | C) Subject and verb | D) Object only
Ans: C) Subject and verb
Explanation: Sentence needs both. ব্যাখ্যা: বাক্যত subject আৰু verb দুয়োটা লাগে।

2. Identify the phrase: Phrase চিনাক্ত কৰক:
A) She is singing | B) After the party | C) They are playing | D) He runs
Ans: B) After the party
Explanation: No subject + verb together. ব্যাখ্যা: subject + verb নাই।

3. A clause contains: Clauseত কি থাকে ?
A) Only noun | B) Only verb | C) Subject and verb | D) Only phrase
Ans: C) Subject and verb

4. Which is a clause ? কোনটো Clause ?
A) Very quickly | B) Because she was late | C) After lunch | D) In the room
Ans: B) Because she was late
Explanation: It has both subject (she) and verb (was). ব্যাখ্যা: ইয়াত subject (she) আৰু verb (was) দুয়োটা আছে।

5. Independent clause is: Independent clause কোনটো ?
A) When he came | B) Because she cried | C) I love music | D) Although tired
Ans: C) I love music
Explanation: It is a complete sentence and can stand alone. ব্যাখ্যা: এইটো সম্পূৰ্ণ বাক্য আৰু নিজে নিজে থাকিব পাৰে।

6. A dependent clause: Dependent clause কি ?
A) Complete sentence | B) Cannot stand alone | C) No verb | D) Phrase
Ans: B) Cannot stand alone
Explanation: It needs another clause to complete meaning. ব্যাখ্যা: সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থৰ বাবে আন clause লাগে।

7. Identify dependent clause: Dependent clause চিনাক্ত কৰক:
A) He runs fast | B) Although I was tired | C) She sings well | D) They play
Ans: B) Although I was tired
Explanation: It has subject + verb but incomplete meaning. ব্যাখ্যা: subject আৰু verb আছে, কিন্তু সম্পূৰ্ণ নহয়।

8. Choose correct sentence: সঠিক বাক্য বাছনি কৰক:
A) She was tired but she kept working  B) She was tired, but she kept working
C) She was tired but, she kept working  D) She, was tired but she kept working
Answer: B) She was tired, but she kept working
Explanation: Comma is used before coordinating conjunction “but”. ব্যাখ্যা: “but” আগত comma ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে।

9. Comma is used before: Comma ক’ত ব্যৱহাৰ হয় ?
A) Subject | B) Verb | C) Coordinating conjunction | D) Object
Answer: C) Coordinating conjunction
Explanation: Used before conjunctions like and, but, or (joining clauses). ব্যাখ্যা: and, but, or আদি conjunction আগত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।

10. Phrase does NOT contain: Phrase-ত কি নাথাকে ?
A) Subject + verb together | B) Noun | C) Adjective | D) Adverb
Ans: A) Subject + verb together
Explanation: Phrase does not have both subject and verb together. ব্যাখ্যা: Phrase-ত subject আৰু verb একেলগে নাথাকে।

11. Identify phrase in sentence: “With great care, he painted the wall.” Phrase চিনাক্ত কৰক:
A) he painted | B) the wall | C) With great care | D) painted wall
Ans: C) With great care
Explanation: It acts as an adverb phrase (how he painted). ব্যাখ্যা: ই adverb phrase (কেনেকৈ) হিচাপে কাম কৰে।

12. “Because it was raining” is: এইটো কি ?
A) Phrase | B) Independent clause | C) Dependent clause | D) Sentence
Ans: C) Dependent clause
Explanation: Cannot stand alone though it has subject + verb. ব্যাখ্যা: subject + verb থাকিলেও একে অকলে সম্পূৰ্ণ নহয়।

13. “I love pizza” is: এইটো কি ?
A) Phrase | B) Dependent clause | C) Independent clause | D) Fragment
Ans: C) Independent clause
Explanation: It is complete and meaningful. ব্যাখ্যা: সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ আছে।

14. Which is NOT a phrase ? কোনটো Phrase নহয় ?
A) After dinner | B) In the box | C) She is happy | D) On the table
Ans: C) She is happy
Explanation: It has subject (She) + verb (is) → clause. ব্যাখ্যা: ইয়াত subject + verb আছে, সেয়ে clause।

15. A phrase can function as: Phrase ক’ত ব্যৱহাৰ হয় ?
A) Only noun | B) Only verb | C) Noun/adjective/adverb | D) Only clause
Ans: C) Noun/adjective/adverb
Explanation: Phrase can act as noun, adjective, or adverb. ব্যাখ্যা: Phrase বিভিন্ন ৰূপত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।

16. Identify incorrect sentence: ভুল বাক্য চিনাক্ত কৰক:
A) I was tired, but I continued  B) I was tired but I continued
C) She is happy  D) He runs fast
Ans: B)
Explanation: Missing comma before “but”. ব্যাখ্যা: “but” আগত comma নাই।

17. “When he arrived” is: এইটো কি ?
A) Sentence | B) Phrase | C) Dependent clause | D) Independent clause
Ans: C) Dependent clause
Explanation: Has subject + verb but incomplete meaning. ব্যাখ্যা: সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ নাই।

18. Which is a complete sentence ? সম্পূৰ্ণ বাক্য কোনটো ?
A) After the game | B) Because she was ill | C) He finished his work | D) In the room
Ans: C) He finished his work
Explanation: It has subject + verb + complete meaning. ব্যাখ্যা: সম্পূৰ্ণ বাক্য।

19. “In the morning” is: এইটো কি ?
A) Clause | B) Phrase | C) Sentence | D) Verb
Ans: B) Phrase
Explanation: No subject + verb → phrase. ব্যাখ্যা: subject + verb নাই।

20. Choose correct punctuation: সঠিক punctuation বাছনি কৰক:
A) She was late but she came  B) She was late, but she came
C) She, was late but she came  D) She was late but, she came
Ans: B) She was late, but she came

Explanation: Comma is required before “but” joining two clauses. ব্যাখ্যা: “but” এ দুটা clause যোগ কৰাৰ আগত comma লাগে।