Potential Energy (āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ) & Kinetic Energy (āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ)
Potential Energy (āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ)
Potential energy is the energy stored in a body due to its position or configuration.It depends on the height, shape, or condition of the object. The formula of potential energy is P.E. = mgh, where m = mass (kg), g = gravity (9.8 m/s²), h = height (m). The unit of potential energy is Joule (J). Common examples include water stored in a dam, an object placed on a shelf, a compressed spring, and a stretched rubber band.
āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻ ā§ąāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ āύ⧰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻā§ā§° āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž, āĻāĻāĻžā§° āĻŦāĻž āĻ ā§ąāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§° āĻāĻĒā§°āϤ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻžā§° āϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻšā§āĻā§ P.E. = mgh, āϝ’āϤ m = āĻā§°, g = āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰā§āώāĻŖ (9.8 m/s²), h = āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻžā§° āĻāĻāĻ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻā§āϞ (J)āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖāϏā§āĻŦā§°ā§āĻĒā§ āĻĄā§āĻŽāϤ āĻĨāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāύā§, āϤāĻžāĻāϤ ā§°āĻāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§, āĻā§āĻĒāĻž āϏā§āĻĒā§ā§°āĻŋāĻ, āĻāĻžāύ āĻŽā§°āĻž ā§°āĻžāĻŦāĻžā§°āĨ¤
Kinetic Energy (āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ)
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion. Any object that is moving has kinetic energy, and it depends on the mass and velocity of the object. The formula is K.E. = ½mv², where m = mass (kg) and v = velocity (m/s). The unit is Joule (J). Examples include a moving car, a running athlete, a rolling ball, flowing river water, and a falling object.
āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĨāĻāĻž āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āϝāĻŋāĻā§āύ⧠āĻāϞāύā§āϤ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻā§ā§° āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻā§° āĻāĻĒā§°āϤ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻžā§° āϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻšā§āĻā§ K.E. = ½mv², āϝ’āϤ m = āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ v = āĻŦā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻžā§° āĻāĻāĻ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻā§āϞ (J)āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖāϏā§āĻŦā§°ā§āĻĒā§ āĻāϞāύā§āϤ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§, āĻĻā§ā§°ā§ā§ąāĻž āĻā§āϞā§ā§ąā§, āĻā§ā§°āĻŋ āϝā§ā§ąāĻž āĻŦāϞ, āĻŦāĻšāĻŋ āĻĨāĻāĻž āύāĻĻā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĨ¤
Short Point
Potential Energy = Stored energy (āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ)
Kinetic Energy = Energy of motion (āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ)
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MCQs: Kinetic & Potential Energy
1. Potential energy is due to: āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻšāϝāĻŧ ?
A. motion B. position C. sound D. heat
Ans: B. position
Explanation: P.E. depends on position/height. āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ ā§ąāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧰ āĻāĻĒā§°āϤ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§
2. Kinetic energy is energy of: āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§° āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ ?
A. rest B. motion C. light D. heat
Ans: B. motion
Explanation: Moving objects have K.E. āĻāϞāύā§āϤ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§
3. Unit of energy is: āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋā§° āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻŋ ?
A. Watt B. Joule C. Newton D. Meter
Ans: B. Joule
Explanation: Joule is SI unit. āĻā§āϞ āĻšā§āĻā§ SI āĻāĻāĻ
4. Formula of Potential Energy:
A. ½mv² B. mgh C. mv D. gh
Ans: B. mgh
Explanation: Standard formula of P.E.
5. Formula of Kinetic Energy:
A. mgh B. mv C. ½mv² D. gh
Ans: C. ½mv²
Explanation: Depends on velocity
6. Which has potential energy ? āĻā§āύāĻā§āϤ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ ?
A. Moving car B. Book on table C. Running boy D. Flowing river
Ans: B. Book on table
Explanation: Object at height has P.E.
7. Which has kinetic energy ? āĻā§āύāĻā§āϤ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ ?
A. Standing tree B. Wall C. Moving car D. Table
Ans: C. Moving car
Explanation: Motion → K.E.
8. P.E. depends on: āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§:
A. speed B. height C. time D. color
Ans: B. height
Explanation: Higher → more P.E.
9. K.E. depends on: āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§:
A. height B. velocity C. shape D. color
Ans: B. velocity
Explanation: Speed increases K.E.
10. Falling object has: āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ ?
A. only P.E. B. only K.E. C. both P.E. and K.E. D. none
Ans: C. both
Explanation: It has height + motion
11. Energy stored in dam water is: āĻĄā§āĻŽāϤ āĻĨāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāύā§ā§° āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ ?
A. K.E. B. P.E. C. Heat D. Light
Ans: B. P.E.
12. A running athlete has: āĻĻā§ā§°ā§ā§ąāĻž āĻā§āϞā§ā§ąā§ā§° āĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ ?
A. P.E. B. K.E. C. Light D. Sound
Ans: B. K.E.
13. If speed increases, K.E.:
A. decreases B. increases C. same D. zero
Ans: B. increases
Explanation: K.E. ∝ v²
14. Which is stored energy ?
A. K.E. B. P.E. C. Sound D. Heat
Ans: B. P.E.
15. Energy of moving water is:
A. P.E. B. K.E. C. Heat D. Sound
Ans: B. K.E.
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Hard MCQs: Kinetic & Potential Energy
1. A body of mass 2 kg is raised to height 10 m. Its P.E. is: (2 kg āĻā§°ā§° āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠10 m āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āĻžāϞā§, P.E. āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ?)
A. 98 J B. 196 J C. 20 J D. 200 J
Ans: B. 196 J
Explanation: P.E. = mgh = 2×9.8×10 = 196 J
2. If velocity of a body becomes double, its K.E. becomes: āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻš’āϞ⧠K.E. āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ ?
A. double B. triple C. four times D. half
Ans: C. four times
Explanation: K.E. ∝ v² → (2v)² = 4v²
3. A body at rest has: āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋā§° āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ ?
A. only K.E. B. only P.E. C. both D. none
Ans: B. only P.E.
Explanation: No motion → no K.E.
4. Which factor does NOT affect K.E. ? āĻā§āύāĻā§ K.E.āϤ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻāĻžā§ą āĻĒā§āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύ⧠?
A. mass B. velocity C. height D. none
Ans: C. height
Explanation: K.E. depends only on mass & velocity
5. When a body falls freely, its P.E.: āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§°ā§āĻāϤ⧠P.E. āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ ?
A. increases B. decreases C. constant D. zero
Ans: B. decreases
Explanation: Height decreases → P.E. decreases
6. A 1 kg object moving at 4 m/s has K.E.:
A. 8 J B. 16 J C. 4 J D. 2 J
Ans: A. 8 J
Explanation: K.E. = ½×1×16 = 8 J
7. Maximum P.E. occurs at: āϏ⧰ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ P.E. āĻ’āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ ?
A. lowest point B. middle C. highest point D. ground
Ans: C. highest point
Explanation: Maximum height → maximum P.E.
8. If mass doubles, K.E. becomes:
A. half B. same C. double D. four times
Ans: C. double
Explanation: K.E. ∝ m
9. Which has both P.E. and K.E.? āĻā§āύāĻā§āϤ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ ?
A. book on table B. moving car on hill C. wall D. ground
Ans: B. moving car on hill
Explanation: Height + motion → both energies
10. Energy conversion in falling body: āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻŋ ā§°ā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤ⧰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ ?
A. K.E. → P.E. B. P.E. → K.E. C. Heat → Light D. None
Ans: B. P.E. → K.E.
Explanation: As it falls, stored energy converts to motion
11. If height becomes zero, P.E. becomes:
A. maximum B. zero C. infinite D. constant
Ans: B. zero
Explanation: No height → no P.E.
12. Which statement is correct ?
A. K.E. depends on height B. P.E. depends on velocity
C. K.E. depends on velocity² D. P.E. depends on speed
Ans: C. K.E. depends on velocity²
13. A body moving with constant velocity has:
A. zero K.E. B. constant K.E. C. increasing K.E. D. decreasing K.E.
Ans: B. constant K.E.
14. A stretched spring has:
A. K.E. B. P.E. C. both D. none
Ans: B. P.E.
15. If velocity = 0, K.E. = ?
A. maximum B. zero C. constant D. infinite
Ans: B. zero
High - Level Tips
i. K.E. ∝ v² (very important) / ii. P.E. ∝ height / iii. Energy converts (P.E. ↔ K.E.) / iv. Total energy remains constant