Momentum : āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ :- Physics Formula Breakdown : āĻĒāĻĻāĻžā§°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧰ āϏā§āϤā§ā§°ā§° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ
Momentum is the quantity of motion of an object. āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤
It depends on: āĻ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ : i. Mass (āĻā§°), ii. Velocity (āĻŦā§āĻ)
Formula / āϏā§āϤā§ā§° : P = mvâ
Where / āϝ’āϤ: P = Momentum / āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ, m = Mass / āĻā§°, v = Velocity / āĻŦā§āĻ
Momentum = mass × velocity (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ = āĻā§° × āĻŦā§āĻ)
Concept / āϧāĻžā§°āĻŖāĻž
Small & Slow → Low Momentum (āϏ⧰⧠āĻā§°ā§ āϧā§ā§° → āĻāĻŽ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ)
A light object moving slowly has low momentum. (āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞ āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āϧā§ā§° āĻāϤāĻŋāϤ āĻāϞāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤)
Example: Slow bicycle (āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖ: āϧā§ā§°āĻāϤāĻŋāϤ āĻāϞāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§āϞ)
Big & Fast → High Momentum (āĻĄāĻžāĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻĻā§ā§°ā§āϤ → āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ)
A heavy object moving fast has high momentum. (āĻāϧā§ā§° āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻĻā§ā§°ā§āϤāĻāϤāĻŋāϤ āĻāϞāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤)
Example: Fast-moving truck (āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖ: āĻĻā§ā§°ā§āϤāĻāϤāĻŋāϤ āĻāϞāĻž āĻā§ā§°āĻžāĻ)
Application / āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§°
Momentum is used:
- To measure quantity of motion (āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻŦāϞā§)
- In collision problems (āϏāĻāĻā§°ā§āώ⧰ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāϤ)
- In sports and vehicles (āĻā§āϞ-āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻā§°ā§ āϝāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύāϤ)
- To compare moving objects (āĻāϞāύā§āϤ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§ā§° āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦāϞā§)
Numerical / āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāϤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖ
Q / āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ : Find the momentum of a body of mass 4 kg moving with velocity 5 m/s.
4 kg āĻā§°ā§° āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠5 m/s āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāϞāĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻŖāϝāĻŧ āĻā§°āĻžāĨ¤
Soln / āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ
Given / āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻā§: Mass = 4 kg, Velocity = 5 m/s
P = mv
P = 4 × 5
P = 20 kg·m/s
Ans / āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: Momentum = 20 kg·m/s (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ = 20 kg·m/s)
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Momentum MCQ : āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ MCQ
1. Momentum is the quantity of motion. āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤
A) Heat B) Motion C) Force D) Energy
Ans: B) Motion
Explanation: Momentum means quantity of motion of an object. (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤)
2. The formula of momentum is: (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§° āϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻā§āύāĻā§ ?)
A) F = ma B) P = mv C) V = IR D) W = mg
Ans: B) P = mvâ
Explanation: Momentum = mass × velocity. (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ = āĻā§° × āĻŦā§āĻāĨ¤)
3. SI unit of momentum is:
āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§° SI āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻŋ?
A) Newton B) Joule C) kg·m/s D) Watt
Answer: C) kg·m/s
Explanation: Momentum unit = kg × m/s. (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§° āĻāĻāĻ = kg·m/s)
4. Momentum depends on: āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§° āĻāĻĒā§°āϤ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ ?
A) Shape B) Colour C) Mass and velocity D) Temperature
Ans: C) Mass and velocity
Explanation: More mass or velocity gives more momentum. (āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻā§° āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĨ¤)
5. A body at rest has: (āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋā§° āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§° āĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ ?)
A) High momentum B) Zero momentum C) Infinite momentum D) Constant momentum
Ans: B) Zero momentum
Explanation: Velocity is zero, so momentum is zero. (āĻŦā§āĻ āĻļā§āύā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āύā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
6. Momentum is a: āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻŋ āϧ⧰āĻŖā§° ā§°āĻžāĻļāĻŋ ?
A) Scalar quantity B) Vector quantity C) Constant quantity D) Simple quantity
Ans: B) Vector quantity
Explanation: Momentum has magnitude and direction. (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§° āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻā§°ā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤)
7. Which object has greater momentum ? (āĻāĻžā§° āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ ?)
A) Slow bicycle B) Fast truck C) Empty box D) Standing boy
Answer: B) Fast truck
Explanation: Truck has more mass and speed. (āĻā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§° āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĨ¤)
8. If velocity increases, momentum: āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ -
A) Decreases B) Becomes zero C) Increases D) Remains same
Ans: C) Increases
Explanation: Momentum is directly proportional to velocity. (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻā§° āϏā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻŽāĻžāύā§āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻāĨ¤)
9. Low mass and slow speed produce: āĻāĻŽ āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ āϧā§ā§° āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻā§°ā§ ?
A) High momentum B) Infinite momentum C) Low momentum D) Constant momentum
Ans: C) Low momentum
Explanation: Small mass and slow speed give low momentum. āĻāĻŽ āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ āϧā§ā§° āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĨ¤
10. Find momentum of a 3 kg body moving at 4 m/s. (3 kg āĻā§°ā§° āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠4 m/s āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāϞāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ ?)
A) 7 kg·m/s B) 10 kg·m/s C) 12 kg·m/s D) 15 kg·m/s
Ans: C) 12 kg·m/s
Explanation: P = 3 × 4 = 12 kg·m/s (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ = 12 kg·m/s)
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2 Marks Questions (PYQ) : ⧍ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦā§°ā§° āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ (PYQ)
1. Define momentum. (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§° āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāĨ¤)
Ans: Momentum is the quantity of motion of an object. (āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
2. Write the formula of momentum. āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§° āϏā§āϤā§ā§° āϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāĨ¤
Ans: SI unit of momentum = kg·m/s (āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§° SI āĻāĻāĻ = kg·m/s)
4. Why does a fast truck have more momentum ? āĻĻā§ā§°ā§āϤāĻāϤāĻŋāϤ āĻāϞāĻž āĻā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§° āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ ?
Ans: Because it has greater mass and velocity. āĻāĻžā§°āĻŖ āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžā§° āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĨ¤
5. What happens to momentum when velocity increases ? āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§° āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ ?
Ans: Momentum increases with increase in velocity.āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
5 Marks Questions (PYQ) : :ā§Ģ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦā§°ā§° āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ (PYQ)
1. Explain momentum with formula and SI unit. āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻā§°ā§ SI āĻāĻāĻāϏāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻā§°āĻžāĨ¤
Ans: Momentum is the quantity of motion of a body. It depends on mass and velocity. More mass or more velocity means more momentum.
P = mv. Where, P = momentum ,m = mass , v = velocity
āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§ā§° āĻāϤāĻŋā§° āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻā§° āĻāĻĒā§°āϤ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻā§° āĻā§°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻā§° āĻŦāĻž āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĨ¤
2. Calculate momentum of a body of mass 5 kg moving with velocity 6 m/s. (5 kg āĻā§°ā§° āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠6 m/s āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāϞāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻŖāϝāĻŧ āĻā§°āĻžāĨ¤)
Soln: Given / āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻā§: Mass = 5 kg , Velocity = 6 m/s
P = mv
P = 5 × 6
P = 30 kg·m/s
Therefore, momentum = 30 kg·m/s.
3. Why is momentum called a vector quantity ? āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻā§° ā§°āĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ ?
Ans: Momentum has both magnitude and direction. Therefore, it is called a vector quantity. āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§° āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻā§°ā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āϏā§āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻā§° ā§°āĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
4. Differentiate between low momentum and high momentum. āĻāĻŽ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āĻā§°ā§ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻā§° āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāĨ¤
Ans: i. Small mass or slow speed → low momentum (āĻāĻŽ āĻā§° āĻŦāĻž āϧā§ā§° āĻŦā§āĻ → āĻāĻŽ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ) ii. Large mass or high speed → high momentum (āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻā§° āĻŦāĻž āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ → āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ). Ex: Bicycle → low momentum, Truck → high momentum
5. A body of mass 8 kg moves with velocity 2 m/s. Find its momentum. (8 kg āĻā§°ā§° āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠2 m/s āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāϞāĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻā§°āĻŦā§āĻ āύāĻŋā§°ā§āĻŖāϝāĻŧ āĻā§°āĻžāĨ¤)
Ans: Given / āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻā§: Mass = 8 kg, Velocity = 2 m/s
P = mv
P = 8 × 2
P = 16 kg·m/s
Therefore, momentum = 16 kg·m/s.