The Last Lesson : 1
Talking About the Text
1. “When a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to their language it is as if they had the key to their prison.” Can you think of examples in history where a conquered people had their language taken away from them or had a language imposed on them ?
(ā§§. “āϝā§āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞā§āĻā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžā§ąā§ āϧ⧰āĻŋ ā§°āĻžāĻā§, āϤā§āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞā§āĻā§ āϤā§āĻāĻāϞā§āĻā§° āĻāĻžā§°āĻžāĻāĻžā§°ā§° āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻŋ āϝā§āύ āϤā§āĻāĻāϞā§āĻā§° āĻšāĻžāϤāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤” āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāϤ āĻāύ⧠āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°āĻžāύ⧠āϝ'āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāύāĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§ā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻāĻĸāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ āϞā§ā§ąāĻž āĻšā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻāύ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšā§āĻāĻŋāϞ ?)
Ans: Yes. During British rule in India, English became the language of administration and education. In many African countries under European colonial rule, English, French, and Portuguese were imposed on the local people. Similarly, in South America, Spanish and Portuguese replaced many native languages.
āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻžā§°āϤāϤ āĻŦā§ā§°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϤ āĻāĻā§°āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻā§°ā§ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧰ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻšā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻĢā§ā§°āĻŋāĻāĻžā§° āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻĻā§āĻļāϤ āĻāĻā§°ā§āĻĒā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻĒāύāĻŋā§ąā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻā§° āĻ āϧā§āύāϤ āĻāĻā§°āĻžāĻā§, āĻĢā§°āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻĒā§°ā§āϤā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻĻā§°ā§ āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻŽā§ā§°āĻŋāĻāĻžāϤ āϏā§āĻĒā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻā§°ā§ āĻĒā§°ā§āϤā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻšā§ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻ āĻžāĻ āϞā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
2. What happens to a linguistic minority in a state? How do you think they can keep their language alive ? (⧍. āĻāĻāύ ā§°āĻžāĻā§āϝāϤ āĻāĻžāώāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻā§ā§° āĻāĻŋ āĻ ā§ąāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ? āϤā§āĻāĻāϞā§āĻā§ āĻā§āύā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ ā§°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§ ?)
Ans: A linguistic minority may face difficulties in using and teaching its language. The younger generation may gradually stop speaking it. They can keep their language alive by speaking it at home, teaching it to their children, celebrating cultural traditions, publishing books and newspapers, and organizing language and cultural programmes.
āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: āĻāĻžāώāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻā§āϏāĻāϞ⧠āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžā§° āĻā§āώā§āϤā§ā§°āϤ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžā§° āϏāύā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āύ āĻš'āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§āĨ¤ āϧā§ā§°ā§ āϧā§ā§°ā§ āύāϤā§āύ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻāύā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ ā§°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻŦāϞ⧠āϤā§āĻāĻāϞā§āĻā§ āĻā§°āϤ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦ āϞāĻžāĻā§, āϏāύā§āϤāĻžāύāϏāĻāϞāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦ āϞāĻžāĻā§, āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§°āĻŽā§āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦ āϞāĻžāĻā§, āĻāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻĒ-āĻŦāĻžāϤ⧰āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϤ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦ āϞāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻž-āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻ āĻ āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύ āĻāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦ āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
3. Is it possible to carry pride in one's language too far? Do you know what ‘linguistic chauvinism’ means ? (ā§Š. āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻā§ā§°ā§ą āĻ āϤā§āϝāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§ā§°āϞ⧠āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§ąāύā§? ‘Linguistic Chauvinism’ āĻŦā§āϞāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ ?)
Ans: Yes, it is possible. Pride in one's language is good, but it should not lead to disrespect for other languages. Linguistic chauvinism means believing that one's own language is superior to all others and looking down upon people who speak different languages.
āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§ąāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻāĻĒā§°āϤ āĻā§ā§°ā§ą āĻā§°āĻž āĻāĻžāϞ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻžā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāύ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻā§°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āύāĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Linguistic Chauvinism āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻ āϏāĻāϞā§āϤāĻā§ āĻļā§ā§°ā§āώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāύ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻā§ā§ąāĻž āϞā§āĻāϏāĻāϞāĻ āϤā§āĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻā§°āĻžāĨ¤
Short Answers (Exam Purpose)
1. Give one historical example of language imposition. (āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžā§° āĻāĻāĻž āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻāĨ¤)
Ans: English was imposed during British rule in India. āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: āĻāĻžā§°āϤāϤ āĻŦā§ā§°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϤ āĻāĻā§°āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
2. How can linguistic minorities keep their language alive ? (āĻāĻžāώāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻā§āϏāĻāϞ⧠āĻā§āύā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ ā§°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§ ?)
Ans: By speaking it at home and teaching it to their children. āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: āĻā§°āϤ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āĻā§°āĻŋ āĻā§°ā§ āϏāύā§āϤāĻžāύāϏāĻāϞāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
3. What is linguistic chauvinism ? Linguistic Chauvinism āĻāĻŋ ?
Ans: Believing that one's own language is superior to others. āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻ āĻāύ āϏāĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϤāĻā§ āĻļā§ā§°ā§āώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻā§°āĻžāĨ¤
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Working with Words
1. English is a language that contains words from many other languages.
Find out the origins of the following words. āϤāϞ⧰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŦā§ā§° āĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻāĻšāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžā§°āĻŋ āĻāϞāĻŋāĻā§ąāĻžāĨ¤
i. Tycoon → Japanese (āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻžāύā§), ii. Barbecue → Spanish (āϏā§āĻĒā§āύāĻŋāĻ), iii. Zero → Arabic (āĻā§°āĻŦā§), iv. Tulip → Turkish (āϤā§ā§°ā§āĻā§), v. Veranda → Portuguese (āĻĒā§°ā§āϤā§āĻā§āĻ), vi. Ski → Norwegian (āĻ¨ā§°ā§ąā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύ), vii. Logo → Greek (āĻā§ā§°ā§āĻ), viii. Robot → Czech (āĻā§āĻ), ix. Trek → Dutch (āĻĄāĻžāĻ), x. Bandicoot → Telugu (āϤā§āϞā§āĻā§)
Examples Given in the Text (āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖāϏāĻŽā§āĻš)
i. Petite → French (āĻĢā§°āĻžāĻā§) ii. Kindergarten → German (āĻāĻžā§°ā§āĻŽāĻžāύ), iii. Capital → Latin (āϞā§āĻāĻŋāύ), v. Democracy → Greek (āĻā§ā§°ā§āĻ), vi. Bazaar → Hindi (āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§)
What Does This Show ? āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ ?
English has borrowed words from many languages of the world. This has made English rich, flexible, and widely used. (āĻāĻā§°āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋā§ąā§ā§° āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻā§ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āĻā§°āĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžā§° āĻĢāϞāϤ āĻāĻā§°āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϧ, āύāĻŽāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻā§°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻā§ā§°āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšā§āϤ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻšā§ āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤)
Short Question
Q. Why is English called an inclusive language ? (āĻāĻā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻ āύā§āϤ⧰ā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āϞāĻ (inclusive) āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻā§ā§ąāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ ?)
Ans: Because it contains words borrowed from many other languages. āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: āĻāĻžā§°āĻŖ āĻāĻā§°āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻāύ āĻāĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āϞā§ā§ąāĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
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2. Notice the underlined words in these sentences and tick the option that best explains their meaning. (⧍. āϤāϞ⧰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻŦā§ā§°āϤ āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻžā§°āϞāĻžāĻāύ āĻā§°āĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϏāĻŽā§āĻšā§° āĻ ā§°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāύāĻŋ āĻā§°āĻžāĨ¤)
(a) “What a thunderclap these words were to me !” (“āĻāĻ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻŦā§ā§° āĻŽā§ā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ āϝā§āύ āĻŦāĻā§ā§°āĻĒāĻžāϤ⧰ āĻĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ !”)
The words were - āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻŦā§ā§° āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ -
(i) loud and clear. (ii) startling and unexpected. (iii) pleasant and welcome.
Ans: (ii) startling and unexpected. āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: (ii) āĻāĻā§°āĻŋāϤ āĻā§°ā§ āĻ āĻĒā§ā§°āϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
Explanation: The news that it was the last French lesson came as a great shock to Franz. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻļā§āώ āĻĢā§°āĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĢā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻāĻā§°āĻŋāϤ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāϤāĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻšā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
(b) “When a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to their language it is as if they had the key to their prison.” (“āϝā§āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžā§ąā§ āϧ⧰āĻŋ ā§°āĻžāĻā§, āϤā§āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞā§āĻā§ āϝā§āύ āϤā§āĻāĻāϞā§āĻā§° āĻāĻžā§°āĻžāĻāĻžā§°ā§° āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϤāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤”)
It is as if they have the key to the prison as long as they -
(i) do not lose their language. (ii) are attached to their language. (iii) quickly learn the conqueror's language.
Ans: (i) do not lose their language. āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: (i) āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻšā§ā§°ā§ā§ąāĻžāĻ āύāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Explanation: A people can preserve their identity and hope for freedom if they keep their language alive. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ ā§°āĻžāĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āύāĻŋāĻā§° āĻĒā§°āĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āĻā§°ā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻžā§° āĻāĻļāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ ā§°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§āĨ¤
(c) “Don't go so fast, you will get to your school in plenty of time.” “āĻāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻā§°āĻā§ āύāĻžāϝāĻžāĻŦāĻž, āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĨ¤”
You will get to your school —
(i) very late. (ii) too early. (iii) early enough.
Ans: (iii) early enough. āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: (iii) āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϤ (āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽāϤā§)āĨ¤
Explanation: "Plenty of time" means there is enough time to reach school. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: “Plenty of time” āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧāϤ āĻĒā§ā§ąāĻžā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
(d) “I never saw him look so tall.” “āĻŽāĻ āϤā§āĻāĻāĻ āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āύāĻžāĻāĻŋāϞā§āĻāĨ¤”
M. Hamel -
(a) had grown physically taller. (b) seemed very confident. (c) stood on the chair.
Ans: (b) seemed very confident. āĻāϤā§āϤ⧰: (b) āĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ, āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧠āĻā§°ā§ āĻā§ā§°ā§ąāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝā§āύ āϞāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
Explanation: M. Hamel had not actually become taller. Franz felt that he looked great, dignified, and heroic at that emotional moment.
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻāĻŽ. āĻšā§āĻŽā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻ¤ā§ąāϤ⧠āĻāĻ āĻšā§ā§ąāĻž āύāĻžāĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϏā§āĻ āĻā§ąā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻšā§ā§°ā§āϤāϤ āĻĢā§ā§°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§° āĻāĻā§āϤ āϤā§āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ, āĻŽā§°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻļā§āϞ āĻā§°ā§ āĻŦā§ā§°ā§° āĻĻā§°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
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NOTICING FORM – Past Perfect Tense
The Last Lesson
Past Perfect Tense = had + past participle
It is used to show an action that happened before another action in the past.
Five sentences from the story :
- "M. Hamel had said that he would question us on participles." : Used because M. Hamel's saying happened before the events of that day.
- "I had counted on the commotion to get to my desk without being seen." : Used because Franz's plan was made before he entered the classroom.
- "For a moment I had thought of running away and spending the day out of doors." : Used because Franz thought about running away before reaching school.
- "I had never understood why." : Used because Franz's lack of understanding existed before that moment.
- "The village people had come to thank him for his forty years of faithful service." : Used because the villagers came before the lesson began.
Why is Past Perfect Used ?
- Past Perfect Tense (had + V³) is used to show that one action happened before another action in the past.
- Formula: Past Perfect = had + Past Participle
- Example: i. M. Hamel had said ... (earlier action), ii. Franz came to school later. (later past action), So, the Past Perfect helps us show the earlier past