The Last Lesson : 1


Talking About the Text


1. “When a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to their language it is as if they had the key to their prison.”  Can you think of examples in history where a conquered people had their language taken away from them or had a language imposed on them ?


(ā§§. “āϝ⧇āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧈āϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžā§ąā§‡ āϧ⧰āĻŋ ā§°āĻžāϖ⧇, āϤ⧇āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧈āϕ⧇ āϤ⧇āĻ“āρāϞ⧋āϕ⧰ āĻ•āĻžā§°āĻžāĻ—āĻžā§°ā§° āϚāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻŋ āϝ⧇āύ āϤ⧇āĻ“āρāϞ⧋āϕ⧰ āĻšāĻžāϤāϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤” āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāϤ āĻāύ⧇ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°āĻžāύ⧇ āϝ'āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϤ āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āϠ⧀⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ•āĻĸāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāχ āĻ˛ā§‹ā§ąāĻž āĻšā§ˆāĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻž āφāύ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āϜāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšā§ˆāĻ›āĻŋāϞ ?)


Ans: Yes. During British rule in India, English became the language of administration and education. In many African countries under European colonial rule, English, French, and Portuguese were imposed on the local people. Similarly, in South America, Spanish and Portuguese replaced many native languages.


āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžā§°āϤāϤ āĻŦā§ā§°āĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ› āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϤ āχāς⧰āĻžāĻœā§€ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āφ⧰⧁ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻšā§ˆāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āφāĻĢā§ā§°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§° āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϤ āχāω⧰⧋āĻĒā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻ”āĻĒāύāĻŋā§ąā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāϕ⧰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύāϤ āχāς⧰āĻžāĻœā§€, āĻĢā§°āĻžāĻšā§€ āφ⧰⧁ āĻĒā§°ā§āϤ⧁āĻ—ā§€āϜ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āϜāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšā§ˆāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāϕ⧇āĻĻ⧰⧇ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āφāĻŽā§‡ā§°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āύāĻŋāĻ› āφ⧰⧁ āĻĒā§°ā§āϤ⧁āĻ—ā§€āϜ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻ āĻžāχ āϞ⧈āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


2. What happens to a linguistic minority in a state? How do you think they can keep their language alive ? (⧍. āĻāĻ–āύ ā§°āĻžāĻœā§āϝāϤ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁⧰ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ…ā§ąāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ? āϤ⧇āĻ“āρāϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āύ⧇āĻ•ā§ˆ āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻœā§€āϝāĻŧāĻžāχ ā§°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§‡ ?)


Ans: A linguistic minority may face difficulties in using and teaching its language. The younger generation may gradually stop speaking it. They can keep their language alive by speaking it at home, teaching it to their children, celebrating cultural traditions, publishing books and newspapers, and organizing language and cultural programmes.


āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: āĻ­āĻžāώāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁āϏāĻ•āϞ⧇ āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āφ⧰⧁ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§° āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§ā§°āϤ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžā§° āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€āύ āĻš'āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§‡āĨ¤ āϧ⧀⧰⧇ āϧ⧀⧰⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĒā§ā§°āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāχ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻŸā§‹ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āϕ⧰āĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§‡āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻœā§€āϝāĻŧāĻžāχ ā§°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĻŦāϞ⧈ āϤ⧇āĻ“āρāϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āϘ⧰āϤ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻŸā§‹ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āϕ⧰āĻŋāĻŦ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇, āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāύāϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŦ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇, āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§°āĻŽā§āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āϕ⧰āĻŋāĻŦ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāϤāĻžāĻĒ-āĻŦāĻžāϤ⧰āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ•āϤ āĻĒā§ā§°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϕ⧰āĻŋāĻŦ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇ āφ⧰⧁ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž-āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āφāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āϕ⧰āĻŋāĻŦ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


3. Is it possible to carry pride in one's language too far? Do you know what ‘linguistic chauvinism’ means ? (ā§Š. āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻ—ā§Œā§°ā§ą āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§‚ā§°āϞ⧈ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­ā§ąāύ⧇? ‘Linguistic Chauvinism’ āĻŦ⧁āϞāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ ?)


Ans: Yes, it is possible. Pride in one's language is good, but it should not lead to disrespect for other languages. Linguistic chauvinism means believing that one's own language is superior to all others and looking down upon people who speak different languages.


āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­ā§ąāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āĻ—ā§Œā§°ā§ą āϕ⧰āĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāύ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ• āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āϕ⧰āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύāĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Linguistic Chauvinism āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ• āϏāĻ•āϞ⧋āϤāĻ•ā§ˆ āĻļā§ā§°ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŦ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āφāύ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ•ā§‹ā§ąāĻž āϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āϤ⧁āĻšā§āĻ›āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āϕ⧰āĻžāĨ¤


Short Answers (Exam Purpose)


1. Give one historical example of language imposition. (āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āϜāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžā§° āĻāϟāĻž āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĨ¤)


Ans: English was imposed during British rule in India. āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: āĻ­āĻžā§°āϤāϤ āĻŦā§ā§°āĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ› āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϤ āχāς⧰āĻžāĻœā§€ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āϜāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšā§ˆāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


2. How can linguistic minorities keep their language alive ? (āĻ­āĻžāώāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁āϏāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϕ⧇āύ⧇āĻ•ā§ˆ āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻœā§€āϝāĻŧāĻžāχ ā§°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§‡ ?)


Ans: By speaking it at home and teaching it to their children. āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: āϘ⧰āϤ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻŸā§‹ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āϕ⧰āĻŋ āφ⧰⧁ āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāύāϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāχāĨ¤


3. What is linguistic chauvinism ? Linguistic Chauvinism āĻ•āĻŋ ?


Ans: Believing that one's own language is superior to others. āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ• āφāύ āϏāĻ•āϞ⧋ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϤāĻ•ā§ˆ āĻļā§ā§°ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŦ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āϕ⧰āĻžāĨ¤


==============================================


Working with Words


1. English is a language that contains words from many other languages.


Find out the origins of the following words. āϤāϞ⧰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŦā§‹ā§° āϕ⧋āύ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āφāĻšāĻŋāϛ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžā§°āĻŋ āωāϞāĻŋāĻ“ā§ąāĻžāĨ¤


i. Tycoon → Japanese (āϜāĻžāĻĒāĻžāύ⧀),  ii. Barbecue → Spanish (āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āύāĻŋāĻ›),   iii. Zero → Arabic (āφ⧰āĻŦā§€), iv. Tulip → Turkish (āĻ¤ā§ā§°ā§āϕ⧀), v. Veranda → Portuguese (āĻĒā§°ā§āϤ⧁āĻ—ā§€āϜ), vi. Ski → Norwegian (āĻ¨ā§°ā§ąā§‡āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύ), vii. Logo → Greek (āĻ—ā§ā§°ā§€āĻ•), viii. Robot → Czech (āĻšā§‡āĻ•),  ix. Trek → Dutch (āĻĄāĻžāϚ),     x. Bandicoot → Telugu (āϤ⧇āϞ⧁āϗ⧁)


Examples Given in the Text (āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§°āĻŖāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš)


i. Petite → French (āĻĢā§°āĻžāĻšā§€)  ii. Kindergarten → German (āϜāĻžā§°ā§āĻŽāĻžāύ),      iii. Capital → Latin (āϞ⧇āϟāĻŋāύ), v. Democracy → Greek (āĻ—ā§ā§°ā§€āĻ•),                vi. Bazaar → Hindi (āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§€)


What Does This Show ? āχāϝāĻŧāĻžā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āϜāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ ?


English has borrowed words from many languages of the world. This has made English rich, flexible, and widely used. (āχāς⧰āĻžāĻœā§€ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāχ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋā§ąā§€ā§° āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ—ā§ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āϕ⧰āĻŋāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āχāϝāĻŧāĻžā§° āĻĢāϞāϤ āχāς⧰āĻžāĻœā§€ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ, āύāĻŽāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āφ⧰⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāϜ⧁⧰āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻšā§ˆ āĻĒā§°āĻŋāϛ⧇āĨ¤)


Short Question


Q. Why is English called an inclusive language ? (āχāς⧰āĻžāĻœā§€āĻ• āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• (inclusive) āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻ•ā§‹ā§ąāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ ?)


Ans: Because it contains words borrowed from many other languages. āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: āĻ•āĻžā§°āĻŖ āχāς⧰āĻžāĻœā§€ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻšā§ āφāύ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžā§° āĻĒā§°āĻž āĻ˛ā§‹ā§ąāĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤


=========================================================


2. Notice the underlined words in these sentences and tick the option that best explains their meaning. (⧍. āϤāϞ⧰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹ā§°āϤ āφāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻžā§°āϞāĻžāχāύ āϕ⧰āĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻšā§° āĻ…ā§°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦ⧁āϜāĻžāχ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻžāĻ›āύāĻŋ āϕ⧰āĻžāĨ¤)


(a) “What a thunderclap these words were to me !” (“āĻāχ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻŦā§‹ā§° āĻŽā§‹ā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇āύ āĻŦāĻœā§ā§°āĻĒāĻžāϤ⧰ āĻĻ⧰⧇ āφāĻ›āĻŋāϞ !”)


The words were - āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻŦā§‹ā§° āφāĻ›āĻŋāϞ -


(i) loud and clear.  (ii) startling and unexpected.  (iii) pleasant and welcome.


Ans: (ii) startling and unexpected. āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: (ii) āφāϚ⧰āĻŋāϤ āφ⧰⧁ āĻ…āĻĒā§ā§°āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤāĨ¤


Explanation: The news that it was the last French lesson came as a great shock to Franz. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āĻāχāĻŸā§‹ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻĢā§°āĻžāĻšā§€ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻŦ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĢā§ā§°āĻžāĻžā§āϜ āĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āφāϚ⧰āĻŋāϤ āφ⧰⧁ āφāϘāĻžāϤāĻĒā§ā§°āĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻšā§ˆāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


(b) “When a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to their language it is as if they had the key to their prison.” (“āϝ⧇āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧈āϕ⧇ āĻāϟāĻž āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžā§ąā§‡ āϧ⧰āĻŋ ā§°āĻžāϖ⧇, āϤ⧇āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧈āϕ⧇ āϝ⧇āύ āϤ⧇āĻ“āρāϞ⧋āϕ⧰ āĻ•āĻžā§°āĻžāĻ—āĻžā§°ā§° āϚāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϤāϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤”)


It is as if they have the key to the prison as long as they -


(i) do not lose their language.  (ii) are attached to their language.  (iii) quickly learn the conqueror's language.


Ans: (i) do not lose their language. āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: (i) āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻšā§‡ā§°ā§ā§ąāĻžāχ āύāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤


Explanation: A people can preserve their identity and hope for freedom if they keep their language alive. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻœā§€āϝāĻŧāĻžāχ ā§°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻž āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻŋāϜ⧰ āĻĒā§°āĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āφ⧰⧁ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžā§° āφāĻļāĻž āĻœā§€āϝāĻŧāĻžāχ ā§°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§‡āĨ¤


(c) “Don't go so fast, you will get to your school in plenty of time.” “āχāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ–ā§°āĻ•ā§ˆ āύāĻžāϝāĻžāĻŦāĻž, āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĨ¤”


You will get to your school —


(i) very late.  (ii) too early.  (iii) early enough.


Ans: (iii) early enough. āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: (iii) āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϤ (āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽāϤ⧇)āĨ¤


Explanation: "Plenty of time" means there is enough time to reach school. āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: “Plenty of time” āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧāϤ āĻĒā§‹ā§ąāĻžā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤


(d) “I never saw him look so tall.” “āĻŽāχ āϤ⧇āĻ“āρāĻ• āϕ⧇āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ“ āχāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ“āĻ– āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āύāĻžāĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧋āρāĨ¤”


M. Hamel -


(a) had grown physically taller. (b) seemed very confident.  (c) stood on the chair.


Ans: (b) seemed very confident. āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧰: (b) āĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ, āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧀ āφ⧰⧁ āĻ—ā§Œā§°ā§ąāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇āύ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


Explanation: M. Hamel had not actually become taller. Franz felt that he looked great, dignified, and heroic at that emotional moment.


āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āĻāĻŽ. āĻšā§‡āĻŽā§‡āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ąāϤ⧇ āĻ“āĻ– āĻšā§‹ā§ąāĻž āύāĻžāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ†ā§ąā§‡āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚ā§°ā§āϤāϤ āĻĢā§ā§°āĻžāĻžā§āϜ⧰ āϚāϕ⧁āϤ āϤ⧇āĻ“āρ āĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ, āĻŽā§°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻļā§€āϞ āφ⧰⧁ āĻŦ⧀⧰⧰ āĻĻ⧰⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ—ā§ˆāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


=============================================================


NOTICING FORM – Past Perfect Tense


The Last Lesson


Past Perfect Tense = had + past participle


It is used to show an action that happened before another action in the past.


Five sentences from the story :



  1. "M. Hamel had said that he would question us on participles." : Used because M. Hamel's saying happened before the events of that day.

  2. "I had counted on the commotion to get to my desk without being seen." : Used because Franz's plan was made before he entered the classroom.

  3. "For a moment I had thought of running away and spending the day out of doors." : Used because Franz thought about running away before reaching school.

  4. "I had never understood why." : Used because Franz's lack of understanding existed before that moment.

  5. "The village people had come to thank him for his forty years of faithful service." : Used because the villagers came before the lesson began.


Why is Past Perfect Used ?



  • Past Perfect Tense (had + V³) is used to show that one action happened before another action in the past.

  • Formula: Past Perfect = had + Past Participle

  • Example: i. M. Hamel had said ... (earlier action),  ii. Franz came to school later. (later past action), So, the Past Perfect helps us show the earlier past