Protocols are fundamental rules and procedures governing data transmission across networks, ensuring efficient, reliable communication between devices. Key protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP, and FTP define how data is formatted, transmitted, and managed, enabling interoperability and standardized operations across the internet. They play a crucial role in facilitating seamless connectivity and information exchange globally.

RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read-Only Memory), and Cache are all types of computer memory used for storing and accessing data and instructions. RAM is volatile and used for active data processing, ROM is non-volatile and stores firmware, while Cache is fast-access memory for speeding up CPU operations. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is responsible for executing instructions and coordinating data processing tasks within a computer system.

Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a user interface that utilizes graphical icons, visual indicators, and on-screen widgets to facilitate user interaction with electronic devices. It simplifies user interaction by replacing text-based commands with intuitive graphical representations, enhancing usability and accessibility across various software applications and hardware devices.

The Hard Drive (or SSD) is a non-volatile storage device used in computers to store data long-term, retaining it even when the power is turned off. Unlike RAM and cache, which are volatile and lose data when the computer is off, the hard drive ensures persistent storage of files and programs.