Explanation: Collecting personal information and effectively posing as another individual is known as identity theft. Explanation: Identity theft: Identity theft occurs when someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data, such as their name, Social Security number, credit card numbers, or other financial information, without their permission. This stolen information is then used to commit fraud or other crimes, including unauthorized financial transactions, opening new accounts, or accessing sensitive information. Spooling: Spooling refers to the process of placing data into a temporary storage area (spool) to be accessed and processed by a device or program at a later time. It is a computing term related to managing data streams and does not involve criminal activity like identity theft. Spoofing: Spoofing involves falsifying information to deceive individuals, systems, or networks. For example, email spoofing involves forging the sender's address to appear as though it came from a different source. While spoofing can be used in phishing attacks to gather personal information, it is not the same as identity theft. Hacking: Hacking refers to gaining unauthorized access to computer systems or networks. While hackers may engage in criminal activities, such as stealing data or disrupting operations, hacking itself does not necessarily involve assuming someone else's identity for fraudulent purposes. Conclusion: Identity theft is a serious crime that can lead to financial loss, damage to credit scores, and other significant consequences for the victim. It involves the deliberate misuse of personal information to impersonate or masquerade as another individual for fraudulent purposes. Therefore, the correct answer is: Identity theft

Explanation: Among the options given, RAM (Random Access Memory) does not store data permanently. Explanation: ROM (Read-Only Memory): ROM is a type of memory that stores data permanently and cannot be easily modified or overwritten. It typically contains firmware or essential software instructions that are required to boot up the computer or device. Floppy Disk: While less common today, floppy disks are a type of storage media that can store data permanently (until overwritten or deleted). They were widely used in the past for data storage and transfer purposes. Hard Disk: A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores data permanently on magnetic platters. It retains data even when the computer is powered off and is commonly used for storing operating systems, software applications, and user files. RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is a volatile type of memory that temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU (Central Processing Unit) needs to access quickly. It is used to store currently running programs, data being actively used by the computer, and the operating system itself. Unlike ROM, floppy disks, and hard disks, RAM loses its data when the computer is turned off or restarted. Conclusion: RAM is crucial for the computer's performance as it provides fast access to data and instructions needed by the CPU during operation. However, it does not store data permanently because its contents are erased when the computer loses power. Therefore, the correct answer is: RAM

Explanation: The technology that stores only the essential instructions on a microprocessor chip to enhance its speed is referred to as RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing). Explanation: RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing): RISC is a CPU design philosophy that focuses on optimizing the execution of computer instructions by using a simpler and smaller set of instructions. RISC processors typically have a smaller and more efficient instruction set, which allows them to execute instructions faster than Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) processors. By reducing the complexity of instructions and hardware, RISC processors can achieve higher performance and efficiency in executing tasks. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing): CISC processors, in contrast to RISC, have a larger and more complex set of instructions that can perform more complex operations directly. However, this can sometimes lead to slower execution times for certain tasks compared to RISC processors. CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory): CD-ROM is an optical disc format used for storing data, typically read-only, and is not directly related to microprocessor technology or instruction set design. Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology used for connecting devices to a local area network (LAN) or the internet wirelessly, and it is unrelated to microprocessor instruction set design. Conclusion: RISC architecture is designed to prioritize speed and efficiency by simplifying the instruction set, focusing on executing instructions quickly with minimal hardware complexity. This design approach has been widely adopted in modern microprocessors and contributes significantly to their performance capabilities. Therefore, the correct answer is: RISC

Explanation: A DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) is an example of an optical disc. Explanation: Optical disc: A DVD is a type of optical disc that uses laser technology to read and write data. Optical discs store data digitally in the form of tiny pits and lands on a reflective surface inside the disc. DVDs can store large amounts of data, typically used for movies, software installation, backup storage, and other data applications. Hard disk: A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores data magnetically on spinning platters inside a sealed enclosure. It provides high-capacity storage for computer systems and retains data even when powered off. Output device: An output device is a peripheral device that receives data from a computer and presents it to the user in a human-readable form or for further processing. Examples include monitors (displaying visual information), printers (producing printed copies), and speakers (producing audio output). Solid-state storage device: Solid-state storage devices (SSDs) use integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. They have no moving parts and offer faster access times and lower latency compared to traditional hard disk drives. Conclusion: A DVD falls under the category of optical discs due to its use of laser technology for data storage and retrieval. It is distinct from hard disks, which use magnetic storage, and solid-state storage devices, which use semiconductor memory. Therefore, the correct answer is: Optical disc

Explanation: Computers manipulate data through a process called processing. Explanation: Processing: Processing refers to the manipulation, transformation, or calculation of data by a computer. This involves executing instructions, performing arithmetic or logical operations, accessing and retrieving data from memory or storage, and producing outputs based on the inputs received. Processing is fundamental to how computers perform tasks and execute programs. Upgrading: Upgrading typically refers to improving or enhancing the hardware or software components of a computer system to increase its performance, capabilities, or features. While upgrading can involve manipulating data during the migration or installation process, it is not the general term used for data manipulation by the computer itself. Batching: Batching refers to a method of organizing and processing tasks or jobs in groups or batches, where similar tasks are grouped together for efficiency. It is a strategy often used in computing for processing large volumes of data or tasks sequentially. Utilizing: Utilizing generally refers to the effective use or application of resources, capabilities, or tools. While computers utilize data and resources to perform tasks, it does not specifically denote the manipulation of data as processing does. Conclusion: Processing is the core activity computers perform to manipulate and work with data, transforming inputs into meaningful outputs through various operations and calculations. It encompasses the entire range of activities computers undertake to execute programs and perform tasks as instructed by users or software. Therefore, the correct answer is: Processing

Explanation: All of the options listed are devices commonly associated with computers, but only printers among them is not typically considered a storage device. Explanation: Hard disk drives (HDD): HDDs are primary storage devices used to store and retrieve digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. They provide high-capacity storage for operating systems, software applications, and user data. Floppy disk drives: Floppy disk drives were once widely used for data storage and transfer, utilizing flexible magnetic disks encased in protective plastic housing. They have largely been phased out but were historically important for early personal computers. CD drives: CD drives, or optical disc drives, read and write data to CDs (Compact Discs) using laser technology. They are used for storing software, multimedia files, and backups, providing a form of removable storage. Printers: Printers are output devices that produce hard copies of documents or images on paper or other media. They do not store data; instead, they receive data from a computer or network and produce physical copies. Conclusion: While hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, and CD drives are all examples of storage devices used for retaining digital information, printers are output devices used for producing physical copies of data rather than storing it. Therefore, printers do not fall under the category of storage devices. Therefore, the correct answer is: Printers